{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:23:09Z","timestamp":1789802589027,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2017, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control developed a public health emergency preparedness logic model for European Union, differentiating between capacities (resources and infrastructure) and response capabilities (actions during emergencies). Analysis of the COVID-19 experience suggests that the main features of this logic model, including the 5 high-level categories of capabilities, remain valid. Some changes are needed, however, in 3 areas. In the detection and assessment area, \u201claboratory analysis\u201d was integrated with \u201ctesting\u201d to better represent their combined role; additionally, \u201cincident recognition,\u201d \u201cepidemiological investigation,\u201d and \u201crisk characterization\u201d were included under the wider definition of \u201cpublic health intelligence.\u201d In the health services area, \u201cpreventive medicine\u201d was replaced with the more specific capability of \u201ccoordination of preventive, primary care and other outpatient services (population-based medicine).\u201d In the emergency risk communication area, several capabilities were further clarified such as the use of infodemic management. In addition, the analyses identified 4 overarching issues that must also be consider in preparedness assessments: (1) the need to develop new strategies, approaches, and policies under pressure and to review and revise them as the pandemic evolved; (2) the challenges of implementing an emergency response in the context of a country\u2019s internal hierarchical structure of public health, healthcare, and related entities; (3) the need for coordination among the different sections of the healthcare system, particularly hospital and community-based levels; and (4) the challenges of scaling up a country\u2019s pandemic response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23265094261472997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T05:25:15Z","timestamp":1787549115000},"page":"302-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Revised Public Health Emergency Preparedness Logic Model Reflecting the European Experience in the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Stefano","family":"Guicciardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Stoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Toth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Savoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6813-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael","family":"Piltch-Loeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Reno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stefano Guicciardi, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Directorate, Local Health Authority of Bologna, and a PhD Student, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna; both in Bologna, Italy. Michael A. Stoto, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus, Department of Health Management and Policy, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. Federico Toth, PhD, is a Professor, Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Elena Savoia, MD, MPH, is Principle Scientist, Department of Biostatistics and Emergency Preparedness Research Evaluation and Practice Program, Division of Policy Translation and Leadership Development, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. 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Rachael Piltch-Loeb, PhD, MSPH, is an Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Occupational and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Healthy Policy, New York, NY. Chiara Reno, MD, PhD, is a Medical Doctor, Health Services Research, Evaluation Researc..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"1.European Parliament. Regulation (EU) 2022\/2370 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022: amending Regulation (EC) No 851\/2004 establishing a European centre for disease prevention and control. Published June 12 2022. Accessed July 13 2023. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32022R2370&from=EN"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"2.European Parliament. 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