{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T16:25:52Z","timestamp":1793982352915,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic exposed critical vulnerabilities in civilian healthcare surge capacity, highlighting the potential for military\u2013civilian partnerships (MCPs) to augment public health emergency responses. The Las Vegas Military\u2013Civilian Partnership (LV MCP), a unique collaboration, offers a case study of such integration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the LV MCP, specifically the workload of US Air Force (USAF) pulmonary and critical care medicine (PCCM) physicians, on the Las Vegas civilian healthcare system during the COVID-19 pandemic. This retrospective review analyzed USAF PCCM physician workload data at University Medical Center (UMC) of Southern Nevada from 2019 to 2023. Data included critical care encounters (CPT codes 99291 and 99292) and COVID-19 encounters (ICD-10 coding). Staffing of 5 USAF PCCM physicians was maintained, with 7 individuals rotating. We assessed changes in the volume of critical care and COVID-19-specific encounters managed by USAF PCCM physicians at UMC. Analysis indicated USAF PCCM physicians reported 19,155 encounters between 2019 and 2023. Encounters peaked at 4,648 in 2020, then declined to 3,155 by 2023. From 2019 to 2020, critical care encounters increased by 1,180, from 1,010 to 2,190. In 2020, 846 (38.6%) of the 2,190 critical care encounters were COVID-19-related. The highest workload occurred during 2020 and 2021, aligning with COVID-19 surges. Of the 2,914 COVID-19-related encounters, 1,892 (64.9%) were classified as critical care\u2014reflecting strong response capability and return to baseline operations. The LV MCP is an effective model for military medical support during a protracted public health crisis. Its preexisting, integrated structure enabled a rapid and sustained surge response, significantly increasing critical care capacity in a medically underserved region without requiring ad hoc federal deployments or DSCA. This underscores the value of embedded military\u2013civilian partnerships as a resilient, efficient strategy for future emergency preparedness, advocating comprehensive data collection to inform integrated responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23265094261490472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:03:02Z","timestamp":1792656182000},"page":"425-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Leveraging Military\u2013Civilian Partnerships in Crisis: A Case Study of the Las Vegas Response to COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jeremy P.","family":"Kilburn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perez S.","family":"Oppong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce R.","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison L.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Prendergast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlin","family":"Rainwater-Lovett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeremy P. Kilburn, MD, FCCP, is a Critical Care Consultant to the Air Force Surgeon General, and Bryce R. Christensen is a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Perez S. Oppong, MHA, is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen, APRN, FCCM, is a Nurse Practitioner \u2014 Trauma Critical Care; and Anna R. Prendergast, RN, CCRN, is Director, Nellis Readiness Training; all at Mike O\u2019Callaghan Military Medical Center, Nellis AFB, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also an Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Program Director, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Fellowship, and Bryce R. Christensen is also a Fellow, Pulmonary\/Critical Care Medicine; both at the Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Las Vegas, NV. Jeremy P. Kilburn is also Director, Las Vegas Office of Military Medicine; Perez S. Oppong is a Clinical Researcher; Allison L. Andersen is Deputy Associate Director, Las Vegas Office o..."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"1.US Centers for Disease Control. United States COVID-19 cases and deaths by state \u2013 archived. Accessed August 27 2026. https:\/\/data.cdc.gov\/Case-Surveillance\/Weekly-United-States-COVID-19-Cases-and-Deaths-by-\/pwn4-m3yp\/data_preview"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2021088"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-024-01203-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","unstructured":"4.United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Public Health Preparedness: HHS Should Take Actions to Ensure It Has an Adequate Number of Effectively Trained Emergency Responders. Washington DC: GAO; 2020. Accessed August 29 2025. https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-20-525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X00008451"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2023.0019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.26"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","unstructured":"8.US Northern Command Public Affairs. USNORTHCOM establishes conditions-based national medical approach. U.S. Northern Command. Published April 16 2020. Accessed August 29 2025. https:\/\/www.northcom.mil\/Newsroom\/Press-Releases\/Article\/2152900\/usnorthcom-establishes-conditions-based-national-medical-approach"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"9.US Northern Command. USNORTHCOM and ARNORTH Commander\u2019s COVID-19 Remarks. Transcript. Published April 21 2020. Accessed August 29 2025. https:\/\/www.northcom.mil\/Newsroom\/Transcripts\/Transcript\/Article\/2542620\/usnorthcom-and-arnorth-commanders-covid-19-remarks"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","unstructured":"10.Congressional Research Service. Military response to Omicron and COVID-19: federal armed forces and national guard. Updated March 28 2022. Accessed August 29 2025. https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/IN11867"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003694"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","article-title":"Southern Nevada Trauma System uses proven techniques to save lives after 1 October shooting","author":"Kuhls DA","year":"2018","unstructured":"12.Kuhls DA, , Fildes JJ, , Johnson M, et al. Southern Nevada Trauma System uses proven techniques to save lives after 1 October shooting. Bull Am Coll Surg. Published March 1, 2018. Accessed August 21, 2024. https:\/\/www.facs.org\/for-medical-professionals\/news-publications\/news-and-articles\/bulletin\/2018\/03\/southern-nevada-trauma-system-uses-proven-techniques-to-save-lives-after-1-october-shooting\/","journal-title":"Bull Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usad262"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"15.US Department of Defense (DOD) COVID-19 Military Health System Review Panel. Washington DC: DOD; 2023. Accessed August 20 2024. https:\/\/health.mil\/Reference-Center\/Reports\/2023\/03\/10\/COVID-19-Military-Health-System-Review-Panel"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"16.Department of Defense. Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA). Directive 3025.18. Published December 29 2010. Updated March 19 2018. Accessed August 20 2024. https:\/\/www.esd.whs.mil\/Portals\/54\/Documents\/DD\/issuances\/dodd\/302518p.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","unstructured":"17.Packham J Griswold T Terpstra J Warner J. Physician Workforce in Nevada: A Chartbook. Reno: Nevada Health Workforce Research Center; 2022. Accessed August 20 2024. http:\/\/www.nevadapublichealthinstitute.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/22-PWIN-Chartbook-FINAL-1-18-22.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"18.US Army North. Military Completes Latest COVID-19 Medical Response Mission. Published March 30 2022. Accessed August 20 2024. https:\/\/www.jbsa.mil\/News\/News\/Article\/2982601\/military-completes-latest-covid-19-medical-response-mission\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","unstructured":"19.USAFacts. How did COVID-19 affect people in Clark County NV? Last updated July 2023. 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