{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:52:05Z","timestamp":1793134325777,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Combined electric and acoustic stimulation has proven to be an effective strategy to improve hearing in some cochlear implant users. We describe an acoustic microactuator to directly deliver stimuli to the perilymph in the scala tympani. The 800\u2009\u00b5m by 800\u2009\u00b5m actuator has a silicon diaphragm driven by a piezoelectric thin film (e.g., lead-zirconium-titanium oxide or PZT). This device could also be used as a component of a bimodal acoustic-electric electrode array. In the current study, we established a guinea pig model to test the actuator for its ability to deliver auditory signals to the cochlea in\u00a0vivo. The actuator was placed through the round window of the cochlea. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds, peak latencies, and amplitude growth were calculated for an ear canal speaker versus the intracochlear actuator for tone burst stimuli at 4, 8, 16, and 24\u2009kHz. An ABR was obtained after removal of the probe to assess loss of hearing related to the procedure. In some animals, the temporal bone was harvested for histologic analysis of cochlear damage. We show that the device is capable of stimulating ABRs in\u00a0vivo with latencies and growth functions comparable to stimulation in the ear canal. Further experiments will be necessary to evaluate the efficiency and safety of this modality in long-term auditory stimulation and its ability to be integrated with conventional cochlear implant arrays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216515616942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,2]],"date-time":"2015-12-02T20:37:19Z","timestamp":1449088639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Direct Intracochlear Acoustic Stimulation Using a PZT Microactuator"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Chuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Omelchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Oesterle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo Zhong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.Y.","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford R.","family":"Hume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"VA Puget Sound, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002221503322542836"},{"key":"bibr2-2331216515616942","first-page":"1","volume":"260","author":"Blackwell D. 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M., Nadol, J. B., Gantz, B., Nakajima, H. H. & Roskowski, J. J. (2015). Loss of hearing following hearing preservation cochlear implantation with a hybrid device.\n                      Otopathology Research Collaboration Network\n                      , http:\/\/otopathologynetwork.org\/educational-resources\/webcasts\/view\/p20d5cyfzml\/."},{"key":"bibr41-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.06.007"},{"key":"bibr42-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1226"},{"key":"bibr43-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000593"},{"key":"bibr44-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081566"},{"key":"bibr45-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0369-5"},{"key":"bibr46-2331216515616942","volume":"8","author":"Stover T.","year":"2009","journal-title":"GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery"},{"key":"bibr47-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2008.01822.x"},{"key":"bibr48-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2179-14.2015"},{"key":"bibr49-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turner, C. W. & Gantz, B. J. (2012). Combining acoustic and electric hearing. In F. G. Zeng, A. N. Popper, & R. R. Fay (Eds.),\n                      Auditory Prostheses: New Horizons\n                      (pp. 59-84). New York, NY: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9434-9_3"},{"key":"bibr50-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000262604"},{"key":"bibr51-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019459988108900126"},{"key":"bibr52-2331216515616942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2008.2008250"}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216515616942","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2331216515616942","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216515616942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:41:16Z","timestamp":1777596076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2331216515616942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2331216515616942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2331216515616942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"article-number":"2331216515616942"}}