{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:46:23Z","timestamp":1793483183159,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes a model of loudness for time-varying sounds that incorporates the concept of binaural inhibition, namely, that the signal applied to one ear can reduce the internal response to a signal at the other ear. For each ear, the model includes the following: a filter to allow for the effects of transfer of sound through the outer and middle ear; a short-term spectral analysis with greater frequency resolution at low than at high frequencies; calculation of an excitation pattern, representing the magnitudes of the outputs of the auditory filters as a function of center frequency; application of a compressive nonlinearity to the output of each auditory filter; and smoothing over time of the resulting instantaneous specific loudness pattern using an averaging process resembling an automatic gain control. The resulting short-term specific loudness patterns are used to calculate broadly tuned binaural inhibition functions, the amount of inhibition depending on the relative short-term specific loudness at the two ears. The inhibited specific loudness patterns are summed across frequency to give an estimate of the short-term loudness for each ear. The overall short-term loudness is calculated as the sum of the short-term loudness values for the two ears. The long-term loudness for each ear is calculated by smoothing the short-term loudness for that ear, again by a process resembling automatic gain control, and the overall loudness impression is obtained by summing the long-term loudness across ears. The predictions of the model are more accurate than those of an earlier model that did not incorporate binaural inhibition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516682698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,20]],"date-time":"2017-02-20T05:19:44Z","timestamp":1487567984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Loudness Model for Time-Varying Sounds Incorporating Binaural Inhibition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Brian C. J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian R.","family":"Glasberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajanth","family":"Varathanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Schlittenlacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(00)00240-9"},{"key":"bibr2-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208154"},{"key":"bibr3-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204975"},{"key":"bibr4-2331216516682698","first-page":"40","volume":"6","author":"Bauch H.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acustica"},{"key":"bibr5-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393471"},{"key":"bibr6-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1383297"},{"key":"bibr7-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.380648"},{"key":"bibr8-2331216516682698","first-page":"378","volume":"88","author":"Chalupper J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Acustica United with Acustica"},{"key":"bibr9-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3120412"},{"key":"bibr10-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.388811"},{"key":"bibr11-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1915637"},{"key":"bibr12-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1915904"},{"key":"bibr13-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.9.1.126"},{"key":"bibr14-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(90)90170-T"},{"key":"bibr15-2331216516682698","first-page":"331","volume":"50","author":"Glasberg B. R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"key":"bibr16-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2214151"},{"key":"bibr17-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3336775"},{"key":"bibr18-2331216516682698","first-page":"369","volume":"88","author":"Gockel H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acustica United with Acta Acustica"},{"key":"bibr19-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918619"},{"key":"bibr20-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1421081"},{"key":"bibr21-2331216516682698","volume-title":"Acoustics \u2013 Normal equal-loudness contours","author":"ISO 226","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr22-2331216516682698","volume-title":"Acoustics \u2013 Methods for calculating loudness \u2013 Part 2: Moore-Glasberg method","author":"ISO 532-2","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr23-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3504657"},{"key":"bibr24-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3560535"},{"key":"bibr25-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913231"},{"key":"bibr26-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2024388"},{"key":"bibr27-2331216516682698","first-page":"339","volume-title":"Basic issues in hearing","author":"Kohlrausch A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr28-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.382606"},{"key":"bibr29-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1972.tb00477.x"},{"key":"bibr30-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.394325"},{"key":"bibr31-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381976"},{"key":"bibr32-2331216516682698","unstructured":"Marshall, A. & Davies, P. (2007). A semantic differential study of low amplitude supersonic aircraft noise and other transient sounds.\n                      International Congress on Acoustics,\n                      Madrid, 1\u20136."},{"key":"bibr33-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p100531"},{"key":"bibr34-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.394518"},{"key":"bibr35-2331216516682698","volume-title":"An introduction to the psychology of hearing","author":"Moore B. C. J.","year":"2012","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr36-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216514550620"},{"key":"bibr37-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.389861"},{"key":"bibr38-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(87)90050-5"},{"key":"bibr39-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2431331"},{"key":"bibr40-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4889868"},{"key":"bibr41-2331216516682698","first-page":"224","volume":"45","author":"Moore B. C. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"key":"bibr42-2331216516682698","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Psychophysical and physiological advances in hearing","author":"Moore B. C. J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr43-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426893"},{"key":"bibr44-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428133"},{"key":"bibr45-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1414706"},{"key":"bibr46-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4949540"},{"key":"bibr47-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418563"},{"key":"bibr48-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1305"},{"key":"bibr49-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.401306"},{"key":"bibr50-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1911590"},{"key":"bibr51-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-161904-6.50013-0"},{"key":"bibr52-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030159"},{"key":"bibr53-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-014-0651-1"},{"key":"bibr54-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4928955"},{"key":"bibr55-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1903522"},{"key":"bibr56-2331216516682698","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Acoustical factors affecting hearing aid performance","author":"Shaw E. A. G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr57-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2184268"},{"key":"bibr58-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6712-1_7"},{"key":"bibr59-2331216516682698","first-page":"242","volume":"57","author":"Terhardt E.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acustica"},{"key":"bibr60-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2193813"},{"key":"bibr61-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2035594"},{"key":"bibr62-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82931"},{"key":"bibr63-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420347"},{"key":"bibr64-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4955005"},{"key":"bibr65-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09562-1"},{"key":"bibr66-2331216516682698","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1894635"}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216516682698","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2331216516682698","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216516682698","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:42:06Z","timestamp":1777596126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2331216516682698"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2331216516682698"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2331216516682698","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"article-number":"2331216516682698"}}