{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:16:54Z","timestamp":1787019414633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000589","name":"Chief Scientist Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000589","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1601056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1601056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S003576\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S003576\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U135097131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U135097131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency-dependent gain adjustments are routine in hearing-aid fittings, whether in matching to real-ear targets or fine-tuning to patient feedback. Patient feedback may be unreliable and fittings inefficient if adjustments are not discriminable. To examine what gain adjustments are discriminable, we measured the just-noticeable differences (JNDs) for level increments in speech-shaped noises processed with prescription gains. JNDs were measured in the better ears of 38 participants with hearing impairment using a fixed-level, same-different task. JNDs were measured for increments at six individual frequency-bands: a 0.25-kHz low-pass band; octave-wide bands at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4\u2009kHz; and a 6-kHz high-pass band. JNDs for broadband increments were also measured. JNDs were estimated at d\u2019 of 1 for a minimally discriminable increment in optimal laboratory conditions. The JND for frequency-band increments was 2.8\u2009dB excluding the 0.25-kHz low-pass band, for which the JND was 4.5\u2009dB. The JND for broadband increments was 1.5\u2009dB. Participants\u2019 median frequency-band and broadband JNDs were positively correlated. JNDs were mostly independent of age, pure-tone thresholds, and cognitive score. In consideration of self-fitting adjustments in noisier conditions, JNDs were additionally estimated at a more sensitive d\u2019 of 2. These JNDs were 6\u2009dB for bands below 1\u2009kHz, and 5\u2009dB for bands at and above 1\u2009kHz. Overall, the results suggest noticeable fine-tuning adjustments of 3\u2009dB and self-fitting adjustments of 5\u2009dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518820220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]],"date-time":"2019-01-18T04:47:28Z","timestamp":1547786848000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Discrimination of Gain Increments in Speech-Shaped Noises"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-3860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Caswell-Midwinter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Sciences\u2014Scottish Section, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William M.","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hearing Sciences\u2014Scottish Section, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.18.8.3"},{"key":"bibr2-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2011.609182"},{"key":"bibr3-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802301142"},{"key":"bibr4-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3268505"},{"key":"bibr5-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713809352908"},{"key":"bibr6-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.16107"},{"key":"bibr7-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.3.421"},{"key":"bibr8-2331216518820220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713811424884"},{"key":"bibr9-2331216518820220","unstructured":"British Academy of Audiology. (2016).\n                      Guidance for audiologists: Onward referral of adults with hearing difficulty directly referred to audiology services\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.baaudiology.org\/files\/4614\/7828\/2156\/BAA_Guidance_for_Onward_Referral_of_Adults_with_Hearing_Difficulty_Directly_Referred_to_Audiology_2016.pdf."},{"key":"bibr10-2331216518820220","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology. (2011).\n                      Pure-tone air-conduction and bone-conduction threshold audiometry with and without masking\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thebsa.org.uk\/resources\/."},{"key":"bibr11-2331216518820220","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology. (2018).\n                      Guidance on the verification of hearing devices using probe microphone measurements\n                      . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thebsa.org.uk\/resources\/."},{"key":"bibr12-2331216518820220","unstructured":"British Society of Audiology & British Academy of Audiology. (2007).\n                      Guidance on the use of real ear measurements to verify the fitting of digital signal processing hearing aids\n                      . 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