{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:31:15Z","timestamp":1780979475953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Western Graduate Research Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["05320-2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05320-2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000196","name":"Canada Foundation for Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11419"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ontario Research Fund","award":["LEF#RE-03009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LEF#RE-03009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR) has been implicated in several auditory processes. The putative role of the MOCR in improving speech perception in noise is particularly relevant for children who complain of listening difficulties (LiD). The hypothesis that the MOCR may be impaired in individuals with LiD or auditory processing disorder has led to several investigations but without consensus. In two related studies, we compared the MOCR functioning of children with LiD and typically developing (TD) children in the same age range (7\u201317 years). In Study 1, we investigated ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral MOCR using forward-masked click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs; n\u2009=\u200917 TD, 17 LiD). In Study 2, we employed three OAE types: CEOAEs ( n\u2009=\u200916 TD, 21 LiD), stimulus frequency OAEs ( n\u2009=\u200921 TD, 30 LiD), and distortion product OAEs ( n\u2009=\u200917 TD, 22 LiD) in a contralateral noise paradigm. Results from both studies suggest that the MOCR functioning is not significantly different between the two groups. Some likely reasons for differences in findings among published studies could stem from the lack of strict data quality measures (e.g., high signal-to-noise ratio, control for the middle ear muscle reflex) that were enforced in the present study. The inherent variability of the MOCR, the subpar reliability of current MOCR methods, and the heterogeneity in auditory processing deficits that underlie auditory processing disorder make detecting clinically relevant differences in MOCR function impractical using current methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519870942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,27]],"date-time":"2019-09-27T01:03:15Z","timestamp":1569546195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Medial Olivocochlear Reflex Is Unlikely to Play a Role in Listening Difficulties in Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3901-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sriram","family":"Boothalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"National Centre for Audiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prudence","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"National Centre for Audiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Purcell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada"},{"name":"National Centre for Audiology, Western University, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4861841"},{"key":"bibr2-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3068442"},{"key":"bibr3-2331216519870942","unstructured":"Allan, C. (2011, November).\n                      Acoustic signal encoding in children with auditory processing disorders\n                      (Doctoral dissertation). University of Western Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"bibr4-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.10.048"},{"key":"bibr5-2331216519870942","unstructured":"American Academy of Audiology. (2010).\n                      American Academy of Audiology clinical practice guidelines: Diagnosis, treatment and management of children and adults with central auditory processing disorder\n                      . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.audiology.org\/resources\/."},{"key":"bibr6-2331216519870942","volume-title":"(Central) auditory processing disorders","author":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr7-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2169918"},{"key":"bibr200-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backus, B. C. & Guinan, J. J. (2007). Measurement of the distribution of medial olivocochlear acoustic reflex strengths across normal-hearing individuals via otoacoustic emissions.\n                      Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology\n                      ,\n                      8\n                      (4), 484\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-007-0100-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0100-0"},{"key":"bibr8-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.02.021"},{"key":"bibr9-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000180"},{"key":"bibr201-2331216519870942","unstructured":"Bellis, T. J. (2011).\n                      Assessment and management of central auditory processing disorders in the educational setting: From science to practice\n                      . Plural Publishing."},{"key":"bibr10-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"bibr11-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(95)00082-F"},{"key":"bibr12-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4904537"},{"key":"bibr13-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136906"},{"key":"bibr14-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boothalingam, S., Allan, C., Allen, P. & Purcell, D. (2019). Auditory localization and spatial release from masking in children with suspected auditory processing disorder.\n                      Ear and Hearing\n                      . 40(5), 1187\u20131196. doi:10.1121\/1.4939708.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000703"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr15-2331216519870942","first-page":"1","volume":"133","author":"Boothalingam S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"},{"key":"bibr16-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4939708"},{"key":"bibr17-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4906250"},{"key":"bibr18-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715747"},{"key":"bibr19-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405453"},{"key":"bibr20-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.6.3077"},{"key":"bibr21-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8760(94)90012-4"},{"key":"bibr22-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)31385-9"},{"key":"bibr23-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(84)90116-3"},{"key":"bibr24-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2011.582167"},{"key":"bibr202-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameron, S. & Dillon, H. (2008). The Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences Test (LISN-S): Comparison to The Prototype Lisn and Results From Children With Either a Suspected (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder or a Confirmed Language Disorder.\n                      Journal of the American Academy of Audiology\n                      ,\n                      19\n                      (5), 377\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3766\/jaaa.19.5.2.","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.19.5.2"},{"key":"bibr203-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canale, A., Dagna, F., Favero, E., Lacilla, M., Montuschi, C. & Albera, R. (2014). The role of the efferent auditory system in developmental dyslexia.\n                      International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology\n                      , olivocochlear efferent reflex in humans\n                      78\n                      (3), 455\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.12.016.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.12.016"},{"key":"bibr25-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1715976"},{"key":"bibr26-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000204311.73871.41"},{"key":"bibr27-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.12.007"},{"key":"bibr28-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3224716"},{"key":"bibr29-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020309080049"},{"key":"bibr30-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.23.2.4"},{"key":"bibr31-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1029"},{"key":"bibr32-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.08.007"},{"key":"bibr33-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802129402"},{"key":"bibr34-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(87)90166-3"},{"key":"bibr35-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-013-0409-9"},{"key":"bibr36-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/010503999424798"},{"key":"bibr37-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-4341-8_21"},{"key":"bibr38-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240507.83072.e7"},{"key":"bibr39-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00142"},{"key":"bibr40-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-002-3037-3"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr41-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1998.10480559","volume":"52","author":"Hintze J. L.","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American Statistician"},{"key":"bibr42-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639508402432"},{"key":"bibr43-2331216519870942","volume-title":"Tests of CNS function","author":"Ivey R. G.","year":"1969"},{"key":"bibr204-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliadou, V. V., Weihing, J., Chermak, G. D. & Bamiou, D. E. (2018). Otoacoustic emission suppression in children diagnosed with central auditory processing disorder and speech in noise perception deficits.\n                      International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology\n                      ,\n                      111\n                      , 39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.05.027"},{"key":"bibr44-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1334597"},{"key":"bibr45-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2793604"},{"key":"bibr46-2331216519870942","volume-title":"The staggered spondaic word test (SSW)","author":"Katz J.","year":"1998","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr47-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085103"},{"key":"bibr48-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00072-0"},{"key":"bibr49-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1354197"},{"key":"bibr50-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1596170"},{"key":"bibr51-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23623"},{"key":"bibr52-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036203"},{"key":"bibr53-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis, J. D. (2019). The effect of otoacoustic emission stimulus level on the strength and detectability of the medial olivocochlear reflex.\n                      Ear and Hearing\n                      . Advance online publication. doi:10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000719.","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000719"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr54-2331216519870942","first-page":"1779","volume":"60","author":"Liberman M. C.","year":"1988","journal-title":"binaural stimulation and the effects of noise. Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"bibr55-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(86)90003-1"},{"key":"bibr56-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-009-0163-1"},{"key":"bibr57-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00549.2011"},{"key":"bibr58-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2949505"},{"key":"bibr59-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00197"},{"key":"bibr60-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12937-9"},{"key":"bibr61-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-017-0621-0"},{"key":"bibr62-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(93)90263-Z"},{"key":"bibr63-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000244"},{"key":"bibr64-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199703030-00046"},{"key":"bibr65-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00860"},{"key":"bibr66-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3182944c04"},{"key":"bibr67-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2826"},{"key":"bibr68-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2007.11.013"},{"key":"bibr69-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.723143"},{"key":"bibr70-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.09.012"},{"key":"bibr71-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000076001"},{"key":"bibr72-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.412388"},{"key":"bibr73-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.08.011"},{"key":"bibr74-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00044-0"},{"key":"bibr75-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhj035"},{"key":"bibr76-2331216519870942","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Central auditory dysfunction","author":"Pinheiro M. L.","year":"1977"},{"key":"bibr77-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg076"},{"key":"bibr78-2331216519870942","first-page":"413","volume-title":"The senses: A comprehensive reference","author":"Robles L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr79-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.03.003"},{"key":"bibr80-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1059-0889(2005\/015)"},{"key":"bibr81-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198401000-00008"},{"key":"bibr82-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086980"},{"key":"bibr83-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000095898"},{"key":"bibr84-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1043147"},{"key":"bibr85-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15136"},{"key":"bibr86-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2722213"},{"key":"bibr87-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2014_JSLHR-H-13-0226"},{"key":"bibr205-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shera, C. A. & Guinan Jr, J. J. (1999). Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: a taxonomy for mammalian OAEs.\n                      The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America\n                      ,\n                      105\n                      (2), 782\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.426948.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426948"},{"key":"bibr88-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.032675099"},{"key":"bibr89-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-010-0217-4"},{"key":"bibr90-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2917805"},{"key":"bibr91-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(82)90052-1"},{"key":"bibr92-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4894787"},{"key":"bibr93-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00113"},{"key":"bibr94-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15057"},{"key":"bibr95-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424584"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr96-2331216519870942","first-page":"18","volume":"8","author":"Veuillet E.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Audiological Medicine"},{"key":"bibr97-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm235"},{"key":"bibr98-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90231-9"},{"key":"bibr99-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)91104-1"},{"key":"bibr100-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2005.06.014"},{"key":"bibr101-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0363-17.2017"},{"key":"bibr102-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn786"},{"key":"bibr103-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2009.02.010"},{"issue":"18725","key":"bibr104-2331216519870942","first-page":"2018","volume":"98","author":"Zhao W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience"},{"key":"bibr105-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-009-0189-4"},{"key":"bibr106-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018725"},{"key":"bibr107-2331216519870942","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00051.2012"}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216519870942","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2331216519870942","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216519870942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:44:46Z","timestamp":1777596286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2331216519870942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":113,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2331216519870942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2331216519870942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"article-number":"2331216519870942"}}