{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:31:49Z","timestamp":1790656309472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018857","name":"Med El Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fourteen single-sided deaf listeners fit with an MED-EL cochlear implant (CI) judged the similarity of clean signals presented to their CI and modified signals presented to their normal-hearing ear. The signals to the normal-hearing ear were created by (a) filtering, (b) spectral smearing, (c) changing overall fundamental frequency (F0), (d) F0 contour flattening, (e) changing formant frequencies, (f) altering resonances and ring times to create a metallic sound quality, (g) using a noise vocoder, or (h) using a sine vocoder. The operations could be used singly or in any combination. On a scale of 1 to 10 where 10 was a complete match to the sound of the CI, the mean match score was 8.8. Over half of the matches were 9.0 or higher. The most common alterations to a clean signal were band-pass or low-pass filtering, spectral peak smearing, and F0 contour flattening. On average, 3.4 operations were used to create a match. Upshifts in formant frequencies were implemented most often for electrode insertion angles less than approximately 500\u00b0. A relatively small set of operations can produce signals that approximate the sound of the MED-EL CI. There are large individual differences in the combination of operations needed. The sound files in Supplemental Material approximate the sound of the MED-EL CI for patients fit with 28-mm electrode arrays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216520920079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]],"date-time":"2020-04-27T15:19:02Z","timestamp":1588000742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Approximations to the Voice of a Cochlear Implant: Explorations With Single-Sided Deaf Listeners"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael F.","family":"Dorman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Cook","family":"Natale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Hearing Science, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Baxter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Mayo Clinic Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5506-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Zeitler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head-Neck Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Lorens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Hearing Centre, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henryk","family":"Skarzynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Hearing Centre, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3189-9103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen P. M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer H.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Denver Ear Associates, Englewood, Colorado, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack H.","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181fcf271"},{"key":"bibr2-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408176"},{"key":"bibr3-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000343189"},{"key":"bibr4-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-005-0027-2"},{"key":"bibr6-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420354"},{"key":"bibr7-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000503217"},{"key":"bibr8-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001449"},{"key":"bibr9-2331216520920079","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Dorman M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"bibr10-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0071-1"},{"key":"bibr11-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000375394"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr12-2331216520920079","first-page":"1","volume":"87","author":"Eddington D.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology"},{"key":"bibr13-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518771176"},{"key":"bibr14-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470757024.ch15"},{"key":"bibr15-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519866029"},{"key":"bibr16-2331216520920079","unstructured":"Kawahara H., Estill J., Fujimura O.(2001, September 13\u201315). Aperiodicity extraction and control using mixed mode excitation and group delay manipulation for a high quality speech analysis, modification and synthesis system STRAIGHT. In 2\n                      nd International Workshop on Models and Analysis of Vocal Emissions for Biomedical Applications (MAVEBA), Florence, Italy\n                      (pp. 59\u201364). ICSA."},{"key":"bibr17-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000163"},{"key":"bibr18-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000771"},{"key":"bibr19-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/79.708543"},{"key":"bibr20-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loizou P.(2006). Speech processing in vocoder-centric cochlear implants. In A. M\u00f8ller (Ed.), Cochlear and brainstem implants (Vol. 64, pp. 109\u2013143). Karger. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000094648","DOI":"10.1159\/000094648"},{"key":"bibr21-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002206"},{"key":"bibr22-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2253333"},{"key":"bibr23-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001821"},{"key":"bibr24-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-007-0077-8"},{"key":"bibr25-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000063"},{"key":"bibr26-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seth A.(2019). The neuroscience of reality.\n                      Scientific American\n                      , September, 40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/scientificamerican0919-40","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0919-40"},{"key":"bibr27-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5234.303"},{"key":"bibr28-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000904"},{"key":"bibr29-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31822c2549"},{"key":"bibr30-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svirsky M., Ding N., Sagi E., Tan C. T., Fitzgerald M., Glassman E. K., Seward K., Neuman A. C.(2013). Validation of acoustic models of auditory neural prostheses. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics and Speech Signal Processing (pp. 8629\u20138633). IEEE. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP.2013.6639350","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2013.6639350"},{"key":"bibr31-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15063"},{"key":"bibr32-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.759666"},{"key":"bibr33-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811700903"},{"key":"bibr34-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.03.011"},{"key":"bibr35-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2788-3_1"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr36-2331216520920079","first-page":"S30","volume":"18","author":"Wilson B.","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Otology"},{"key":"bibr37-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1677482"},{"key":"bibr38-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000841"},{"key":"bibr39-2331216520920079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088662"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1177\/23312165211027038","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000}}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216520920079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2331216520920079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2331216520920079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:45:18Z","timestamp":1777596318000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2331216520920079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2331216520920079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2331216520920079","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"article-number":"2331216520920079"}}