{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:57:05Z","timestamp":1792558625282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences President's International Fellowship Initiative","award":["2024DM0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024DM0004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3201702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3201702"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) and noise reduction both play important roles in hearing aids. WDRC provides level-dependent amplification so that the level of sound produced by the hearing aid falls between the hearing threshold and the highest comfortable level of the listener, while noise reduction reduces ambient noise with the goal of improving intelligibility and listening comfort and reducing effort. In most current hearing aids, noise reduction and WDRC are implemented sequentially, but this may lead to distortion of the amplitude modulation patterns of both the speech and the noise. This paper describes a deep learning method, called Neural-WDRC, for implementing both noise reduction and WDRC, employing a two-stage low-complexity network. The network initially estimates the noise alone and the speech alone. Fast-acting compression is applied to the estimated speech and slow-acting compression to the estimated noise, but with a controllable residual noise level to help the user to perceive natural environmental sounds. Neural-WDRC is frame-based, and the output of the current frame is determined only by the current and preceding frames. Neural-WDRC was compared with conventional slow- and fast-acting compression and with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-aware compression using objective measures and listening tests based on normal-hearing participants listening to signals processed to simulate the effects of hearing loss and hearing-impaired participants. The objective measures demonstrated that Neural-WDRC effectively reduced negative interactions of speech and noise in highly non-stationary noise scenarios. The listening tests showed that Neural-WDRC was preferred over the other compression methods for speech in non-stationary noises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241309301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T13:10:27Z","timestamp":1738156227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neural-WDRC: A Deep Learning Wide Dynamic Range Compression Method Combined With Controllable Noise Reduction for Hearing Aids"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Huiyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C. J.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Hearing Group, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endoscopic Ear Surgery, Senior Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Medical Research Center for Otolaryngology Diseases, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endoscopic Ear Surgery, Senior Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hearing and Balance Science, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-994X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengshi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2016.2526779"},{"key":"bibr2-23312165241309301","volume-title":"ANSI S3.22-2014, Specification of hearing aid characteristics","author":"ANSI","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr3-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408176"},{"key":"bibr4-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408640"},{"key":"bibr5-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker J., Marxer R., Vincent E., Watanabe S. (2015, December 9-13). The third \u2018CHiME\u2019 speech separation and recognition challenge: Dataset, task and baselines.\n                      In: 2015 IEEE workshop on automatic speech recognition and understanding (ASRU),\n                      Scottsdale, Arizona, United States. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ASRU.2015.7404837","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2015.7404837"},{"key":"bibr6-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4747006"},{"key":"bibr7-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198608000-00007"},{"key":"bibr8-23312165241309301","volume-title":"Dynamic range compression for noisy mixtures using source separation and beamforming","author":"Corey R. M."},{"key":"bibr9-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0005314"},{"key":"bibr10-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1936.00640050746005"},{"key":"bibr11-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2008.921764"},{"key":"bibr12-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.393374"},{"key":"bibr13-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4984040"},{"key":"bibr14-23312165241309301","unstructured":"Holube I., Hamacher V., Wesselkamp M. (1999, September 7-10). Hearing instruments: Noise reduction strategies.\n                      In: proceedings of 18th danavox symposium: Auditory models and non-linear hearing instruments\n                      , Scanticon, Kolding, Denmark."},{"key":"bibr15-23312165241309301","volume-title":"Digital hearing aids","author":"Kates J. M.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr16-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17743\/jaes.2014.0006"},{"key":"bibr17-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2020.05.001"},{"key":"bibr18-23312165241309301","unstructured":"Kingma D. P., Ba J. (2014). Adam: A method for stochastic optimization.\n                      arXiv preprint arXiv:1412.\n                      6980."},{"key":"bibr19-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1300695"},{"key":"bibr20-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216520930531"},{"key":"bibr21-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33036-5_4"},{"key":"bibr22-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368309081480"},{"key":"bibr23-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app10082894"},{"key":"bibr24-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2023.3313442"},{"key":"bibr25-23312165241309301","unstructured":"Llave A., Leglaive S., S\u00e9guier R. (2020, December 7-10). Localization cues preservation in hearing aids by combining noise reduction and dynamic range compression.\n                      In: 2020 Asia-pacific signal and information processing association annual summit and conference\n                      (APSIPA ASC), Auckland, New Zealand. https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-02962287v1"},{"key":"bibr26-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2007.04.009"},{"key":"bibr27-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2022.10.003"},{"key":"bibr28-23312165241309301","unstructured":"Mauler D., Martin R. (2007, September 3-7). A low delay, variable resolution, perfect reconstruction spectral analysis-synthesis system for speech enhancement.\n                      In:\n                      2007 15th european signal processing conference, Poznan, Poland."},{"key":"bibr29-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216518790903"},{"key":"bibr30-23312165241309301","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Recent developments in hearing instrument technology","author":"Moore B. C. J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr31-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1738839"},{"key":"bibr32-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987889"},{"key":"bibr33-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1084713808317819"},{"key":"bibr34-23312165241309301","volume-title":"An introduction to the psychology of hearing","author":"Moore B. C. J.","year":"2012","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr35-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165211072969"},{"key":"bibr36-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00206098609078387"},{"key":"bibr37-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368809077803"},{"key":"bibr38-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.407478"},{"key":"bibr39-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03005369109079851"},{"key":"bibr40-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992020903296746"},{"key":"bibr41-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.424571"},{"key":"bibr42-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1095360"},{"key":"bibr43-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00305364.2001.11745249"},{"key":"bibr44-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.415861"},{"key":"bibr45-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.17.9.2"},{"key":"bibr46-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakaoka S., Li L., Inoue S., Makino S. (2021, June 6-11). Teacher-Student learning for low-latency online speech enhancement using wave-U-net.\n                      In: ICASSP 2021\u20132021 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP)\n                      , Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9414280","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9414280"},{"issue":"03","key":"bibr47-23312165241309301","first-page":"161","volume":"20","author":"Naylor G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"key":"bibr48-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413807"},{"key":"bibr49-23312165241309301","unstructured":"Ngo K., Doclo S., Spriet A., Moonen M., Wouters J., Jensen S. H. (2008, August 25-29). An integrated approach for noise reduction and dynamic range compression in hearing aids.\n                      2008 16th european signal processing conference\n                      , Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"key":"bibr50-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2011.08.006"},{"key":"bibr51-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165231192302"},{"key":"bibr52-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul D. B., Baker J. M. (1992, February 23-26). The design for The Wall Street Journal-based CSR corpus.\n                      In: Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language\n                      , Harriman, New York, United States. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3115\/1075527.1075614","DOI":"10.3115\/1075527.1075614"},{"key":"bibr53-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.381753"},{"key":"bibr54-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.396363"},{"key":"bibr55-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy C. K. A., Dubey H., Gopal V., Cutler R., Braun S., Gamper H., Srinivasan S. (2021, June 6-11). ICASSP 2021 Deep noise suppression challenge.\n                      In: ICASSP 2021\u20132021 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP)\n                      , Toronto, Ontario, Canada. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9415105","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9415105"},{"key":"bibr56-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165231192304"},{"key":"bibr57-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0000804"},{"key":"bibr58-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2014.2365992"},{"key":"bibr59-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108471380200600402"},{"key":"bibr60-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2108861"},{"key":"bibr61-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1915905"},{"key":"bibr62-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-199906000-00002"},{"key":"bibr63-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1784447"},{"key":"bibr64-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2434754"},{"key":"bibr65-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428213"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr66-23312165241309301","first-page":"532","volume":"57","author":"Stone M. A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Audio Engineering Society"},{"key":"bibr67-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181734ef2"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr68-23312165241309301","first-page":"3591\u20133591","volume":"133","author":"Thiemann J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"bibr69-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu Z., Ma N., Barker J. (2021). Optimising hearing aid fittings for speech in noise with a differentiable hearing loss model.\n                      arXiv preprint arXiv:2106.04639\n                      .","DOI":"10.21437\/Interspeech.2021-1613"},{"key":"bibr70-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(93)90095-3"},{"key":"bibr71-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2005.06.020"},{"key":"bibr72-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1913514"},{"key":"bibr73-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2021.3116502"},{"key":"bibr74-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020600937188"},{"key":"bibr75-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413093"},{"key":"bibr76-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0011396"},{"key":"bibr77-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0016589"},{"key":"bibr78-23312165241309301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165231209913"}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165241309301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23312165241309301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165241309301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1777596582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23312165241309301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23312165241309301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23312165241309301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"23312165241309301"}}