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Hearing aids (HAs) help, but their efficacy in improving speech does not consistently translate to music. This research evaluated systems submitted to the 1\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    Cadenza Machine Learning Challenge, where entrants aimed to improve music audio quality for HA users through source separation and remixing. The HA users (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200953, ranging from \u201cmild\u201d to \u201cmoderately severe\u201d HL) assessed eight challenge systems (including one baseline using the HDemucs source separation algorithm, remixing to original mixes of music samples, and applying National Acoustic Laboratories Revised amplification) and rated 200 music samples processed for their HL. Participants rated samples on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">basic audio quality, clarity, harshness, distortion, frequency balance<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">liking<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Results suggest no entrant system surpassed the baseline for audio quality, although differences emerged in system efficacy across HL severities.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clarity<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">distortion<\/jats:italic>\n                    ratings were most predictive of audio quality. Finally, some systems produced signals with higher objective loudness, spectral flux and clipping with increasing HL severity; these received lower audio quality ratings by listeners with moderately severe HL. Findings highlight how music enhancement requires varied solutions and tests across a range of HL severities. This challenge provided a first application of source separation to music listening with HL. However, state-of-the-art source separation algorithms limited the diversity of entrant solutions, resulting in no improvements over the baseline; to promote development of innovative processing strategies, future work should increase complexity of music listening scenarios to be addressed through source separation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165251408761","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:38:03Z","timestamp":1769834283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The First Cadenza Challenge: Perceptual Evaluation of Machine Learning Systems to Improve Audio Quality of Popular Music for Those with Hearing Loss"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4905-0511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Bannister","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nottingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7839-8061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"Roa-Dabike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2629-6271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Whitmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nottingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6262-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alinka E.","family":"Greasley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1446-5637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Graetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3912-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fazenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Salford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sheffield"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7182-9209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Akeroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nottingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241245219"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1861598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2010.539273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1310176"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03057356211013390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470869253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0020269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","unstructured":"Berg J. 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