{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:54:13Z","timestamp":1784332453520,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/V01272X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/V01272X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014653","name":"NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR203308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203308"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014653","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research into the long-term effects of noise on hearing is often confounded by health and lifestyle differences between individuals. UK police radio ear-pieces are capable of emitting high sound levels and, crucially, are worn in one ear, allowing between-ear comparisons which control for individual-level confounding factors. Low volume-control settings are recommended to reduce risk to police hearing, yet actual usage patterns and auditory effects remain unexamined. This study used a large-scale survey (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094,498) to assess ear-piece noise exposure and the associated hearing health. Most participants reported using high volume-control settings and 45.2% reported experiencing signs of temporary threshold shift (TTS) in the exposed ear. Estimated weekly-averaged noise exposures frequently exceeded the UK's 85\u2005dBA Upper Exposure Action Value. Ear-piece use was associated with 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] 46\u2013106%) increased risk of persistent tinnitus, which on mediation analysis appeared to be driven by a subset of users who experienced signs of TTS. Importantly, tinnitus location was associated with the side of exposure, suggesting tinnitus related to device use rather than to other factors. In contrast, Digits-In-Noise thresholds showed no relation with noise exposure; potential explanations include compensatory auditory training effects, but limitations of Digits-In-Noise data must also be considered. Findings highlight a need for further investigation into hearing risks in police personnel, including in-person auditory testing. Risk mitigation strategies might involve improved device design, training on safe use, and expanded hearing health surveillance. Given the potential for cumulative auditory damage, TTS may serve as an early warning sign, warranting attention in broader noise-exposed populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165251410988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T04:39:16Z","timestamp":1769834356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Leveraging Monaural Exposures to Reveal Early Effects of Noise: Evidence from Police Radio Ear-Piece Use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Guest","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martie","family":"van Tongeren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Population Health, Health Services Research &amp; Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Laycock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ansys UK Limited"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Thorley-Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Yorkshire Police"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Loughran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2987-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Plack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Manchester"},{"name":"Lancaster University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03005368909077819"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2019.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2025.109183"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100129950"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Health & Safety Executive. (2005). Control of noise at work regulations (Statutory Instrument 2005\/1643)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Health & Safety Laboratory. (2004). Noise levels from earpieces used with a digital radio communication system (Airwave) (report no. NV\/04\/08)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53353-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2011.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"ISVR Consulting. (2010). Measurements of sound levels from earpieces used with the Motorola MTP850 TETRA terminal (report no. 8473-R01)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0017002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009766"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690965.2012.705006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-973436"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2020). Tinnitus: Assessment and management (NG155). https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","unstructured":"National Policing Improvement Agency. (2010). Guidance on the use of earpieces connected to mobile radio equipment. Airwave web guidance 07\/10 v1. National Police Library."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516686768"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216514550621"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216516657466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0010105"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","first-page":"2749","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"61","author":"Rabinowitz P. M.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rabinowitz P. M. (2000). Noise-induced hearing loss. American Family Physician, 61(9), 2749\u20132760.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2156-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2024_JSLHR-24-00085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","first-page":"233121652513204","article-title":"Arabic Digits-In-Noise tests: Relations to hearing loss and comparison of diotic and antiphasic versions","volume":"29","author":"Shehabi A. M.","unstructured":"Shehabi A. M., Plack C. J., Zuriekat M., Aboudi O., Roberts S. A., Laycock J., Guest H. (2025b). Arabic Digits-In-Noise tests: Relations to hearing loss and comparison of diotic and antiphasic versions. Trends in Hearing, 29, 23312165251320439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23312165251320439","journal-title":"Trends in Hearing"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"The police national hearing survey","author":"Shoetan A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shoetan A., Buffery K., Nobbs H. (2024). The police national hearing survey. National Police Chiefs Council."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0009675"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1000304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Airwave transmission time and noise duration","author":"West Yorkshire Police","year":"2021","unstructured":"West Yorkshire Police. (2021). Analysis of Airwave transmission time and noise duration. West Yorkshire Police."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2021). World report on hearing. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240020481"}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165251410988","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23312165251410988","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165251410988","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:50:42Z","timestamp":1777596642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23312165251410988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23312165251410988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23312165251410988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"23312165251410988"}}