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The goal of the present study was to evaluate how the target-masker acoustic properties and binaural listening mode affect summation for speech-in-speech recognition. Recognition of target speech in two-talker speech maskers was measured with each ear alone and with both ears in bilateral CI users (BiCI), CI users with asymmetric hearing loss (AHL), CI users who were single-sided deaf (SSD), and normal-hearing listeners (NH). Target and masker speech was co-located; the talker sex of the maskers was either the same as or different from the target. With same-sex maskers, significant binaural summation was observed only in the BiCI group. In contrast, with different-sex maskers, significant summation was observed only in the SSD and NH groups, where binaural summation was significantly greater with different-sex than with same-sex maskers. A significant but weak correlation between interaural performance asymmetry and binaural summation was observed in some within-group comparisons, but not in across-group comparisons. For the BiCI group, summation was significantly correlated with SRTs from the better-performing CI ear, but not with performance asymmetry. The findings can be partly accounted for by psychometric-function slope and performance asymmetry within a probability-summation model. 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