{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T16:26:20Z","timestamp":1787415980893,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["390895286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390895286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reliable hearing assessment at home can improve accessibility and reduce dependence on in-clinic testing. To be viable, home-based procedures must provide accurate results within short measurement times and remain robust to factors such as ambient noise and variable user attention. In this proof-of-concept study with a limited sample size, we evaluated two such procedures\u2014a Graded Response Bracketing method (GRaBr) for pure-tone threshold estimation and a reinforced adaptive categorical loudness scaling method (rACALOS) for loudness-growth assessment - using remote, smartphone-based testing, and compared their outcomes with those obtained inside the laboratory using established reference procedures. Fifteen young adults with normal hearing completed the tasks at home and in the laboratory. Test\u2013retest reliability was assessed by repeating the home measurements within one week of the initial session. Ambient noise levels in home environments were also recorded. The intraclass correlation coefficients for GRaBr measured at home exceeded 0.75, indicating good test\u2013retest reliability. Similarly, home-based rACALOS showed generally high reliability, with across-run biases below 5 dB at all frequencies; however, mean interquartile ranges reached up to 18.4 dB at some loudness categories. Remote GRaBr measurements showed small, non-significant deviations from laboratory audiometry (0.4 \u00b1 7.1 dB); however, frequency-specific biases of approximately \u00b15 dB were observed at 250 Hz and 4 kHz, with root-mean-square errors ranging from 4.6 to 8.0 dB across frequencies. Compared with the in-lab ACALOS, remote rACALOS showed an overall bias of 3.38 \u00b1 11.8 dB across loudness categories, with no significant overall effect of test environment. These findings suggest that smartphone-based pure-tone audiometry and loudness-scaling assessments provide accurate and reliable results when using these procedures at home, at least in normal-hearing young adults, who are experienced loudness raters, under suitable acoustic conditions with low ambient noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165261471286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:58:49Z","timestamp":1787245129000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Test\u2013Retest Reliability and Preliminary Validation of Smartphone-Based Threshold and Categorical loudness Measures in Home Settings"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3233-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg"},{"name":"University of Southampton"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Schell-Majoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birger","family":"Kollmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Oldenburg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e3181da4d15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399778"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web-and app-based tools for remote hearing assessment: a scoping review","author":"Almufarrij I.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Almufarrij I., Dillon H., Dawes P., Moore D. R., Yeung W., Charalambous A. P., Munro K. J. (2022). Web-and app-based tools for remote hearing assessment: a scoping review. International Journal of Audiology, 1\u201314.","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","volume-title":"Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms","author":"American National Standards Institute","year":"2018","unstructured":"American National Standards Institute. (2018). Maximum Permissible Ambient Noise Levels for Audiometric Test Rooms: Author. ANSI S3.1\u2013R2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1728778"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1502902"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2016.1178858"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2017.1362118"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.578352"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2022_AJA-21-00191"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5100\/jje.23.307"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e3181de467a"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","volume-title":"Acousticsd Loudness Scaling by Means of Categories","author":"ISO 16832","year":"2006","unstructured":"ISO 16832. (2006). Acousticsd Loudness Scaling by Means of Categories: Standard of the International Organization for Standardization."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Detection of tones in low-noise noise: Further evidence for the role of envelope fluctuations","volume":"83","author":"Kohlrausch A.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kohlrausch A., Fassel R., Van Der Heijden M., Kortekaas R., Van De Par S., Oxenham A. J., P\u00fcschel D. (1997). Detection of tones in low-noise noise: Further evidence for the role of envelope fluctuations. Acta Acustica united with Acustica, 83(4), 659\u2013669.","journal-title":"Acta Acustica united with Acustica"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","volume-title":"H\u00f6rfl\u00e4chenskalierung: Grundlagen und Anwendung der kategorialen Lautheitsskalierung f\u00fcr H\u00f6rdiagnostik und H\u00f6rger\u00e4te-Versorgung","author":"Kollmeier B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kollmeier B. (Ed.), (1997). H\u00f6rfl\u00e4chenskalierung: Grundlagen und Anwendung der kategorialen Lautheitsskalierung f\u00fcr H\u00f6rdiagnostik und H\u00f6rger\u00e4te-Versorgung. Median-Verlag von Killisch-Horn."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-21-00099"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3238248"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2012.736692"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1735803"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Loudness","author":"Marks L. E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Marks L. E., Florentine M. (2010). Measurement of loudness, part I: Methods, problems, and pitfalls. In Loudness (pp. 17\u201356): Springer New York."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2798"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4916605"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816683663"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.724007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microphone calibration estimation for mobile audiological tests with resonating bottles","author":"Scharf M. K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scharf M. K., Huber R., Schulte M., Kollmeier B. (2024). Microphone calibration estimation for mobile audiological tests with resonating bottles. International Journal of Audiology, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992027.2024.2395416","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_AJA-21-00108"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0026592"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5064790"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2014.920110"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2015.1072647"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4964106"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2016.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","volume-title":"Crucial Elements of a Virtual Hearing Clinic on Mobile Devices - Psychophysics, Diagnostic Parameter Estimation and Validation (Doctoral dissertation","author":"Xu C.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu C. (2025). Crucial Elements of a Virtual Hearing Clinic on Mobile Devices - Psychophysics, Diagnostic Parameter Estimation and Validation (Doctoral dissertation. University of Oldenburg Press (UOLP)). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.14023.00169"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2026.2663342","article-title":"Calibration offset estimation in mobile hearing tests via categorical loudness scaling","author":"Xu C.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu C., Kollmeier B. (2026). Calibration offset estimation in mobile hearing tests via categorical loudness scaling. International Journal of Audiology, 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992027.2026.2663342","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23312165241288051"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2024.2424876"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2026.2642765","article-title":"Standard audiogram classification from loudness scaling data using unsupervised, supervised, and explainable machine learning techniques","author":"Xu C.","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xu C., Schell-Majoor L., Kollmeier B. (2026). Standard audiogram classification from loudness scaling data using unsupervised, supervised, and explainable machine learning techniques. International Journal of Audiology, 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14992027.2026.2642765","journal-title":"International Journal of Audiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","volume-title":"Psychoacoustics: Facts and models","author":"Zwicker E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zwicker E., Fastl H. (2013). Psychoacoustics: Facts and models (22). Springer Science & Business Media."}],"container-title":["Trends in Hearing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165261471286","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23312165261471286","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23312165261471286","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1787415478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23312165261471286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23312165261471286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23312165261471286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2331-2165","2331-2165"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2331-2165","type":"print"},{"value":"2331-2165","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"23312165261471286"}}