{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T13:46:35Z","timestamp":1753883195584,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title><jats:p> To determine the role of opioids in drug overdose deaths in Allen County, Indiana between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2015. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> File review of 418 overdose deaths was performed using Indiana State Department of Health death certificates available through the Allen County Coroner\u2019s Office. Data from autopsy and toxicology reports and coroner-requested prescribing data from Indiana\u2019s Prescription Monitoring Program were reviewed. Cause of death and available data were analyzed to identify patterns and trends related to overdose deaths. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Four hundred eighteen drug overdose deaths were identified (336 accidental, 66 intentional, and 16 undetermined). Mean age was 42.5 years, 88.5% were Caucasian, and 68.7% were employed. The majority of deaths occurred at a place of residence (71.4%) and with other people present (57.5% of the time). Depression was the most common comorbidity identified. The most common drug classes identified by toxicology were opioids, followed by benzodiazepines. Significant increases in both heroin (35% of deaths in 2015 versus 8.2% in 2013) and fentanyl (30% of deaths in 2015 versus 2.2% in 2011) were observed. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Drug overdose continues to be a significant cause of death in Allen County. The majority of deaths were accidental and in relatively young, employed individuals. Prevention and awareness strategies should be encouraged, given that the majority of overdose deaths occurred at a place of residence with other people frequently present. Additional concerns about patterns of drug use were confirmed with marked increases in both heroin and fentanyl contributing to overdose deaths in the latter part of the study. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2333392817727424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]],"date-time":"2017-09-08T12:05:56Z","timestamp":1504872356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Who is Overdosing? An Updated Picture of Overdose Deaths From 2008 to 2015"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Gregory","family":"Eigner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Medical Education Program, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Henriksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Medical Education Program, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Fort Wayne\u2013Allen County, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Medical Education Program, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Wayne Medical Education Program, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Fort Wayne\u2013Allen County, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"McMahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Fort Wayne\u2013Allen County, Fort Wayne, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9967-y"},{"volume-title":"National Vital Statistics Reports","year":"2016","author":"Jiaquan Xu","key":"bibr2-2333392817727424"},{"issue":"1440","key":"bibr3-2333392817727424","first-page":"11","volume":"129","author":"Davis A","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr4-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.19.215","volume":"19","author":"Elzey MJ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"bibr5-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.12.006"},{"key":"bibr6-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"bibr7-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02054.x"},{"key":"bibr8-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1508490"},{"key":"bibr9-2333392817727424","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S108067"},{"key":"bibr10-2333392817727424","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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