{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:03:00Z","timestamp":1777658580097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013123","name":"Fondation de la recherche en sant\u00e9 du Nouveau-Brunswick","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2013-OPER-512"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2013-OPER-512"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Operating Grant #136901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Operating Grant #136901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Qualitative Nursing Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report qualitative findings of our Men\u2019s Violence Gender and Health Study, a multiple method study using a sequential design in which we explored the mental health manifestations of cumulative lifetime violence in men. Survey results revealed that higher cumulative lifetime violence scores were significantly associated with higher scores on depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety in a community sample of men ( n\u2009=\u2009685) living in Eastern Canada. To obtain a deeper understanding of men\u2019s scores, we used an interpretive description approach to analyze data derived from 32 participant interviews. The main mental health manifestation of cumulative lifetime violence is perceptual interference, a sense of being disconnected or detached from others. This is managed by rectifying detachment, a process that includes efforts to gain connections with others. Findings suggest mental health needs in men with cumulative lifetime violence contradict gender role expectations to be stoic. Implications for nurses are explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23333936211021576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T02:36:41Z","timestamp":1623897401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Mental Health Effects of Cumulative Lifetime Violence in Men: Disruptions in the Capacity to Connect with Others and Finding Ways to Reengage"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5842-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petrea Lea","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Moncton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"O\u2019Donnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Wuest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Scott-Storey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannie","family":"Malcom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Affleck W., Carmichael V., Whitley R. (2018). Men\u2019s mental health: Social determinants and implications for services. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(9), 581\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743718762388","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718762388"},{"key":"bibr2-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates E. A. (2020a). \u201cNo one would ever believe me\u201d: An exploration of the impact of intimate partner violence victimization on men. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21, 497\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000206","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000206"},{"key":"bibr4-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates E. A. (2020b). \u201cWalking on egg shells\u201d: A qualitative examination of men\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1), 13\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000203","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000203"},{"key":"bibr5-23333936211021576","volume-title":"Cognitive therapy of depression","author":"Beck A. T.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr6-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck A. T. (2016). Cognitive therapy: Nature and relation to behavior therapy. Behavior Therapy, 47(6), 776\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2016.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2016.11.003"},{"key":"bibr7-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender K., Brown S. M., Thompson S. J., Ferguson K. M., Langenderfer L. (2015). Multiple victimizations before and after leaving home associated with PTSD, depression, and substance use disorder among homeless youth. Child Maltreatment, 20(2), 115\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077559514562859","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559514562859"},{"key":"bibr8-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger J. L., Addis M. E., Green J. D., Mackowiak C., Goldberg V. (2013). Men\u2019s reactions to mental health labels, forms of help-seeking, and sources of help-seeking advice. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 14(4), 433\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0030175","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030175"},{"key":"bibr9-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhavsar V., Dean K., Hatch S. L., MacCabe J. H., Hotopf M. (2019). Psychiatric symptoms and risk of victimization: A population-based study from Southeast London. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 28(2), 168\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S2045796018000537","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796018000537"},{"key":"bibr10-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanchard E. B., Jones-Alexander J., Buckley T. C., Forneris C. A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(96)00033-2"},{"key":"bibr11-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blosnich J. R., Brenner L. A., Bossarte R. M. (2016). Population mental health among U.S. military veterans: Results of the veterans health module of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, 2011\u20132012. Annals of Epidemiology, 26(8), 592\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.06.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.06.009"},{"key":"bibr12-23333936211021576","volume-title":"Treating risky and compulsive behavior in trauma survivors","author":"Briere J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr13-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks C., Martin S., Broda L., Poudrier J. (2020). \u201cHow many silences are there?\u201d Men\u2019s experience of victimization in intimate partner relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(23\u201324), 5390\u20135413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260517719905","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260517719905"},{"key":"bibr14-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryan C. J., Bryan A. O., Roberge E., Leifker F. R., Rozek D. C. (2018). Moral injury, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidal behavior among National Guard personnel. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 10(1), 36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000290","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000290"},{"key":"bibr15-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Burczycka M. (2018). Violent victimization of Canadians with mental health-related disabilities, 2014. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/85-002-x\/2018001\/article\/54977-eng.pdf?st=7x7ABX-X"},{"key":"bibr16-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burns C. R., Lagdon S., Boyda D., Armour C. (2016). Interpersonal polyvictimization and mental health in males. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 40, 75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.04.002"},{"key":"bibr17-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cater \u00c5. K., Miller L. E., Howell K. H., Graham-Bermann S. A. (2015). Childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and adult mental health problems: Relationships with gender and age of exposure. Journal of Family Violence, 30(7), 875\u2013886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-015-9703-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-015-9703-0"},{"key":"bibr18-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chapman P. L., Elnitsky C., Thurman R. M., Pitts B., Figley C., Unwin B. (2014). Posttraumatic stress, depression, stigma, and barriers to care among US Army healthcare providers. Traumatology: An International Journal, 20(1), 19\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0099376","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099376"},{"key":"bibr19-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe J. Y., Teplin L. A., Abram K. M. (2008). Perpetration of violence, violent victimization, and severe mental illness: Balancing public health concerns. Psychiatric Services, 59(2), 153\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.153","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.153"},{"key":"bibr20-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi N. G., DiNitto D. M., Marti C. N., Choi B. Y. (2017). Association of adverse childhood experiences with lifetime mental and substance use disorders among men and women aged 50+ years. International Psychogeriatrics, 29(3), 359\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1041610216001800","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216001800"},{"key":"bibr21-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coid J., Ulrich S., Keers R., Bebbington P., DeStavola B., Kallis C., Yang M., Reiss D., Jenkins R., Donnelly P. (2013). Gang membership, violence and psychiatric morbidity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 985\u2013993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12091188","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12091188"},{"key":"bibr22-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cole B. P., Ingram P. B. (2020). Where do I turn for help? Gender role conflict, self-stigma, and college men\u2019s help-seeking for depression. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(3), 441\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000245","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000245"},{"key":"bibr23-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Connell R. (2005). Masculinities (2nd ed.). University of California Press. http:\/\/catdir.loc.gov\/catdir\/enhancements\/fy0625\/2005050590-b.html"},{"key":"bibr24-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Copeland W. E., Shanahan L., Hinesley J., Chan R. F., Aberg K. A., Fairbank J. A., van den Oord E. J. C. G., Costello E. J. (2018). Association of childhood trauma exposure with adult psychiatric disorders and functional outcomes. JAMA Network Open, 1(7), e184493\u2013e184493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4493","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.4493"},{"key":"bibr25-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutcliffe J. R. (2003). Reconsidering reflexivity: Introducing the case for intellectual entrepreneurship. Qualitative Health Research, 13(1), 136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732302239416","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732302239416"},{"key":"bibr26-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmarais S. L., Van Dorn R. A., Johnson K. L., Grimm K. J., Douglas K. S., Swartz M. S. (2014). Community violence perpetration and victimization among adults with mental illnesses. American Journal of Public Health, 104(12), 2342\u20132349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301680","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301680"},{"key":"bibr27-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorn R., Volavka J., Johnson N. (2012). Mental disorder and violence: Is there a relationship beyond substance use? Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(3), 487\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-011-0356-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0356-x"},{"key":"bibr28-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioli-Phillips P. G., Oxlad M., Feo R., Scholz B., LeCouteur A. (2020). \u201cI Feel Abused by My Own Mind\u201d: Themes of control in men\u2019s online accounts of living with anxiety. Qualitative Health Research, 30, 2118\u20132131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732320942147","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732320942147"},{"key":"bibr29-23333936211021576","first-page":"363","volume-title":"The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults","volume":"3","author":"Eaton W. W.","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr30-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis A., Winlow S., Hall S. (2017). \u2018Throughout my life I\u2019ve had people walk all over me\u2019: Trauma in the lives of violent men. The Sociological Review, 65, 699\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0038026117695486","DOI":"10.1177\/0038026117695486"},{"key":"bibr31-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Entilli L., Cipolletta S. (2017). When the woman gets violent: The construction of domestic abuse experience from heterosexual men\u2019s perspective. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(15\u201316), 2328\u20132341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.13500","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13500"},{"key":"bibr32-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felitti V. J., Anda R. F., Nordenberg D., Williamson D. F., Spitz A. M., Edwards V., Koss M. P., Marks J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr33-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogarty A. S., Proudfoot J., Whittle E. L., Player M. J., Christensen H., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Wilhelm K. (2015). Men\u2019s use of positive strategies for preventing and managing depression: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 188, 179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.070"},{"key":"bibr34-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgaca E. (2013). Social constructionist contributions to critiques of psychiatric diagnosis and classification. Feminism & Psychology, 23(1), 56\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959353512467967","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353512467967"},{"key":"bibr35-23333936211021576","volume-title":"Theoretical sensitivity","author":"Glaser B. G.","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr36-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenblatt-Kimron L., Cohen M. (2019). The role of cognitive processing in the relationship of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression among older holocaust survivors: A moderated-mediation model. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 33, 59\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10615806.2019.1669787","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2019.1669787"},{"key":"bibr37-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grigsby T. J., Rogers C. J., Albers L. D., Benjamin S. M., Lust K., Eisenberg M. E., Forster M. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences and health indicators in a young adult, college student sample: Differences by gender. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(6), 660\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12529-020-09913-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12529-020-09913-5"},{"key":"bibr38-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haegerich T. M., Hall J. E. (2011). Violence and men\u2019s health: Understanding the etiological underpinnings of men\u2019s experiences with interpersonal violence. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 440\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559827611410263","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827611410263"},{"key":"bibr39-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5596-3"},{"key":"bibr40-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding C., Fox C. (2015). It\u2019s not about \u201cFreudian couches and personality changing drugs\u201d: An investigation into men\u2019s mental health help-seeking enablers. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health, 9(6), 451\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988314550194","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988314550194"},{"key":"bibr41-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herron R. V., Ahmadu M., Allan J. A., Waddell C. M., Roger K. (2020). \u201cTalk about it:\u201d Changing masculinities and mental health in rural places? Social Science & Medicine, 258, 113099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113099"},{"key":"bibr42-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hines D. A., Douglas E. M. (2015). Health problems of partner violence victims: Comparing help-seeking men to a population-based sample. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48(2), 136\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2014.08.022"},{"key":"bibr43-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooven C., Nurius P. S., Logan-Greene P., Thompson E. A. (2012). Childhood violence exposure: Cumulative and specific effects on adult mental health. Journal of Family Violence, 27(6), 511\u2013522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-012-9438-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9438-0"},{"key":"bibr44-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hughes K., Bellis M. A., Hardcastle K. A., Sethi D., Butchart A., Mikton C., Jones L., Dunne M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 2(8), e356\u2013e366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4"},{"key":"bibr45-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104187"},{"key":"bibr46-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain S., McLean C., Adler E. P., Rosen C. S. (2016). Peer support and outcome for veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in a residential rehabilitation program. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(8), 1089\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10597-015-9982-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-015-9982-1"},{"key":"bibr47-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson K. F. (2013). Using the rational emotive behavior therapy framework to understand belief systems and types of awareness in young men exposed to chronic community violence: Implications for mental health professionals. International Journal of Mental Health, 42(2\u20133), 115\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2753\/IMH0020-7411420207","DOI":"10.2753\/IMH0020-7411420207"},{"key":"bibr48-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keeshin B. R., Cronholm P. F., Strawn J. R. (2012). Physiologic changes associated with violence and abuse exposure: An examination of related medical conditions. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 13(1), 41\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838011426152","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011426152"},{"key":"bibr49-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Khan S. (2017). Concurrent mental and substance use disorders in Canada. Health Reports, 28(8), 3\u20138. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/en\/pub\/82-003-x\/2017008\/article\/54853-eng.pdf?st=9VWz2Wup"},{"key":"bibr50-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kilpatrick D. G., Acierno R. (2003). Mental health needs of crime victims: Epidemiology and outcomes. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16(2), 119\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022891005388","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022891005388"},{"key":"bibr51-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komarovskaya I., Maguen S., McCaslin S., Metzler T., Madan A., Brown A., Galatzer-Levy I., Henn-Haase C., Marmar C. (2011). The impact of killing or injuring others on mental health symptoms among police officers. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 1332\u20131336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.05.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2011.05.004"},{"key":"bibr52-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee H., Kim Y., Terry J. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on mental disorders in young adulthood: Latent classes and community violence exposure. Preventive Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory, 134, 106039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106039"},{"key":"bibr53-23333936211021576","volume-title":"In an unspoken voice: How the body releases trauma and restores goodness","author":"Levine P. A.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr54-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"bibr55-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lynch L., Long M., Moorhead A. (2018). Young men, help-seeking, and mental health services: Exploring barriers and solutions. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health, 12(1), 138\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988315619469","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315619469"},{"key":"bibr56-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado A., Santos A., Graham-Kevan N., Matos M. (2017). Exploring help seeking experiences of male victims of female perpetrators of IPV. Journal of Family Violence, 32(5), 513\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-016-9853-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-016-9853-8"},{"key":"bibr57-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCreary D. R., Oliffe J. L., Black N., Flannigan R., Rachert J., Goldenberg S. L. (2020). Canadian men\u2019s health stigma, masculine role norms and lifestyle behaviors. Health Promotion International, 35(3), 535\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daz049","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daz049"},{"key":"bibr58-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McEwen B. S. (2012). Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(Supplement 2), 17180\u201317185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1121254109","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121254109"},{"key":"bibr59-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9nard K., Arter M. (2013). Police officer alcohol use and trauma symptoms: Associations with critical incidents, coping, and social stressors. International Journal of Stress Management, 20, 37\u201356. http:\/\/doi:10.1037\/a0031434","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031434"},{"key":"bibr60-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell S., MacIntosh J. (2016). Gender and workplace bullying: Men\u2019s experiences of surviving bullying at work. Qualitative Health Research, 26, 351\u2013366. http:\/\/doi:10.1177\/1049732314566321","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732314566321"},{"key":"bibr61-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874944500902010001"},{"key":"bibr62-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orue I., Bushman B. J., Calvete E., Thomaes S., de Castro B. O., Hutteman R. (2011). Monkey see, monkey do, monkey hurt: Longitudinal effects of exposure to violence on children\u2019s aggressive behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 432\u2013437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550610396586","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550610396586"},{"key":"bibr63-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pantalone D. W., Hessler D. M., Simoni J. M. (2010). Mental health pathways from interpersonal violence to health-related outcomes in HIV-positive sexual minority men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(3), 387\u2013397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0019307","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019307"},{"key":"bibr64-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Ponic P., Varcoe C., Smutylo T. (2016). Trauma \u2013 (and violence-) informed approaches to supporting victims of violence: Policy and practice considerations. Victims of Crime Research Digest, 9, 3\u201315. https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/rp-pr\/cj-jp\/victim\/rd9-rr9\/p2.html"},{"key":"bibr65-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Possemato K., Johnson E. M., Emery J. B., Wade M., Acosta M. C., Marsch L. A., Rosenblum A., Maisto S. A. (2019). A pilot study comparing peer supported web-based CBT to self-managed web CBT for primary care veterans with PTSD and hazardous alcohol use. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 42(3), 305\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/prj0000334","DOI":"10.1037\/prj0000334"},{"key":"bibr66-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pr\u00f3spero M. (2007). Mental health symptoms among male victims of partner violence. American Journal of Men\u2019s Health, 1(4), 269\u2013277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988306297794","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988306297794"},{"key":"bibr67-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. (2018). Trauma and violence-informed approaches to policy and practice. https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/publications\/health-risks-safety\/trauma-violence-informed-approaches-policy-practice.html"},{"key":"bibr68-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Randle A. A., Graham C. A. (2011). A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(2), 97\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0021944","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021944"},{"key":"bibr69-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes A. E., Vissman A., Hergenrather K. C., Griffith D., Yee L. J., Zometa C. S. (2009). Sexual and alcohol risk behaviours of immigrant Latino men in the South-Eastern USA. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 11(1), 17\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691050802488405","DOI":"10.1080\/13691050802488405"},{"key":"bibr70-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson S., Gough B., Hanna E., Raine G., Robinson M., Seims A., White A. (2018). Successful mental health promotion with men: The evidence from \u201ctacit knowledge.\u201d Health Promotion International, 33(2), 334\u2013344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapro\/daw067","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daw067"},{"key":"bibr71-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlichthorst M., King K., Turnure J., Phelps A., Pirkis J. (2019). Engaging Australian men in masculinity and suicide: A concept test of social media materials and a website. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 30(3), 390\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hpja.246","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.246"},{"key":"bibr72-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scogin F., Lichstein K., DiNapoli E. A., Woosley J., Thomas S. J., LaRocca M. A., Byers H. D., Mieskowski L., Parker C. P., Yang X., Parton J., McFadden A., Geyer J. D. (2018). Effects of integrated telehealth-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and insomnia in rural older adults. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 28(3), 292\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/int0000121","DOI":"10.1037\/int0000121"},{"key":"bibr73-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey K. (2011). Cumulative abuse: Do things add up? An evaluation of the conceptualization, operationalization, and methodological approaches in the study of the phenomenon of cumulative Abuse. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(3), 135\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838011404253","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838011404253"},{"key":"bibr74-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey K., O\u2019Donnell S., Wuest J. (2018). Cumulative lifetime violence severity: Does it make a difference to the health of Canadian men. International Journal of Men\u2019s Social and Community Health, 1(1), e22\u2013e39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22374\/ijmsch.v1i1.11","DOI":"10.22374\/ijmsch.v1i1.11"},{"key":"bibr75-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott-Storey K., O\u2019Donnell S., Wuest J., MacIntosh J., Merritt-Gray M. (2020). Cumulative lifetime violence severity scale: Development and initial testing among men. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08551-6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08551-6"},{"key":"bibr76-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shorey R. C., Febres J., Brasfield H., Stuart G. L. (2012). The prevalence of mental health problems in men arrested for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 27(8), 741\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10896-012-9463-z","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9463-z"},{"key":"bibr77-23333936211021576","first-page":"104","volume-title":"Violence in psychiatry","author":"Siever L. J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr78-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simmons J., Wijma B., Swahnberg K. (2015). Lifetime co-occurrence of violence victimisation and symptoms of psychological ill health: A cross-sectional study of Swedish male and female clinical and population samples. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2311-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2311-3"},{"key":"bibr79-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spitzer R. L., Kroenke K., Williams J. B. W., L\u00f6we B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"bibr80-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Statistics Canada. (2019). Deaths and age-specific mortality rates, by selected grouped causes. https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/t1\/tbl1\/en\/tv.action?pid=1310039201"},{"key":"bibr81-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot F., Clark D. A., Yuzda W. S., Charron A., McDonald T. (2014). \u201cGatekeepers\u201d perspective on treatment access for anxiety and depression: A survey of New Brunswick family physicians. Canadian Psychology\/Psychologie Canadienne, 55(2), 75\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0036449","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036449"},{"key":"bibr82-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thoresen S., Myhre M., Wentzel-Larsen T., Aakvaag H. F., Hjemdal O. K. (2015). Violence against children, later victimisation, and mental health: A cross-sectional study of the general Norwegian population. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 26259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/ejpt.v6.26259","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.26259"},{"key":"bibr83-23333936211021576","volume-title":"Interpretive description","author":"Thorne S. E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr84-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-240X(199704)20:2<169::AID-NUR9>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"bibr85-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovian S. M. (2017). Collaborating with healthcare professionals. In Walfish S., Barnett J. E., Zimmerman J. (Eds.), Handbook of private practice: Keys to success for mental health practitioners (pp. 369\u2013383). Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/med:psych\/9780190272166.003.0030","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780190272166.003.0030"},{"key":"bibr86-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trevillion K., Williamson E., Thandi G., Borschmann R., Oram S., Howard L., Howard L. M. (2015). A systematic review of mental disorders and perpetration of domestic violence among military populations. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(9), 1329\u20131346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-015-1084-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1084-4"},{"key":"bibr87-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2012.12.005"},{"key":"bibr88-23333936211021576","unstructured":"Veteran\u2019s Affairs Canada. (2019). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and war-related stress\u2014Veterans Affairs Canada. https:\/\/www.veterans.gc.ca\/eng\/health-support\/mental-health-and-wellness\/understanding-mental-health\/ptsd-warstress"},{"key":"bibr89-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voith L. A., Topitzes J., Berg K. A. (2020). The transmission of violence and trauma across development and environmental contexts: Intimate partner violence from the perspective of men with histories of perpetration. Child Abuse & Neglect, 99, 104267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104267"},{"key":"bibr90-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang S.B., Wang Y.Y., Zhang Q.E., Wu S.L., Ng C. H., Ungvari G. S., Chen L., Wang C.X., Jia F.J., Xiang Y.T. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for post-stroke depression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 589\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.04.011"},{"key":"bibr91-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watt M., Scrandis D. (2013). Traumatic childhood exposures in the lives of male perpetrators of female interpersonal violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28, 2813\u20132830. http:\/\/doi:10.1177\/0886260513488694","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513488694"},{"key":"bibr92-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei C. C., Brackley M. (2010). Men who experienced violence or trauma as children or adolescents and who used violence in their intimate relationships. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(8), 498\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/01612841003642733","DOI":"10.3109\/01612841003642733"},{"key":"bibr93-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitley R. (2018). Men\u2019s mental health: Beyond victim-blaming. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry\/La Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63(9), 577\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0706743718758041","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718758041"},{"key":"bibr94-23333936211021576","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2002). World report on violence and health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/violence_injury_prevention\/violence\/world_report\/en\/full_en.pdf?ua=1"},{"key":"bibr95-23333936211021576","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2014). Global status report on violence prevention 2014. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/9789241564793"},{"key":"bibr96-23333936211021576","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2019). Special initiative for mental health (2019-2023). Universal health coverage for mental health. https:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/evidence\/special_initiative_2019_2023\/en\/"},{"key":"bibr97-23333936211021576","volume-title":"Nursing research: A qualitative perspective","author":"Wuest J.","year":"2012","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr98-23333936211021576","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang K., Girgus J. S. (2019). Are women more likely than men are to care excessively about maintaining positive social relationships? A meta-analytic review of the gender difference in sociotropy. Sex Roles, 81(3\/4), 157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-018-0980-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-018-0980-y"}],"container-title":["Global Qualitative Nursing Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23333936211021576","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23333936211021576","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23333936211021576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:14:19Z","timestamp":1777446859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23333936211021576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":98,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23333936211021576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23333936211021576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2333-3936","2333-3936"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2333-3936","type":"print"},{"value":"2333-3936","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"23333936211021576"}}