{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:40:25Z","timestamp":1785451225954,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Pediatric Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The vaccine effectiveness (VE) of childhood measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine to reduce childhood rubella infections in the US during the 1990s\/2000s was undertaken in a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. SAS and StatsDirect software were utilized to examine non-identifiable linked eligibility and claim healthcare records prospectively generated from the Florida Medicaid system in the Independent Healthcare Research Database (IHRD). A total of 33 839 children received a single MMR vaccination (vaccinated) and 44 154 children never received a rubella-containing vaccine (unvaccinated) were continuously eligible from 1990 to 2009 for Florida Medicaid within the first 10 years following birth. Cox proportional hazards models determined VE against diagnosed rubella (ICD-9 code: 056.xx). Children receiving MMR were at significantly reduced risk of rubella in unadjusted (VE = 80.7%, 95% confidence interval = 73.7%-85.8%) and adjusted (VE = 78.6%, 95% confidence interval = 70.8%-84.3%) models as compared to unvaccinated children. Between 1991 and 2009, in the combined vaccinated-unvaccinated cohort examined on a yearly basis, a significant inverse correlation between increasing MMR vaccine population coverage and a decreasing incidence rate of diagnosed rubella was observed. This first large-scale population epidemiological study supports the routine use childhood MMR vaccination to significantly reduce childhood rubella infections and also supports its ability to induce \u201cherd immunity.\u201d This study, coupled with a recently published epidemiological study showing childhood MMR vaccination significantly reduced measles infections, provide powerful epidemiological evidence strongly supporting MMR vaccination as an effective tool to improve public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794x221094266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T10:34:48Z","timestamp":1652178888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Childhood MMR Vaccination Effectiveness Against Rubella: A Longitudinal Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Geier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7892-3169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc, Silver Spring, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60539-0"},{"key":"bibr2-2333794X221094266","first-page":"1","volume":"62","author":"McLean HQ","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"bibr3-2333794X221094266","volume":"15","author":"Demicheli V","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr4-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1710-5"},{"key":"bibr5-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2020.09.001"},{"key":"bibr6-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.22726"},{"key":"bibr7-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21307\/ane-2020-007"},{"key":"bibr8-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.017"},{"key":"bibr9-2333794X221094266","volume":"4","author":"Di Pietrantonj C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr10-2333794X221094266","first-page":"3223","volume":"33","author":"Chang C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Effectivness of Rubella Vaccine in a Rubella Outbreak in Guangzhou City"},{"key":"bibr11-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227413"},{"key":"bibr12-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2019.07.049"},{"key":"bibr13-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066092"},{"key":"bibr14-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30442-4"},{"key":"bibr15-2333794X221094266","first-page":"133","volume":"22","author":"Hakim RB","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Care Financ Rev"},{"key":"bibr16-2333794X221094266","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed August 10, 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/pubs\/pinkbook\/rubella.html."},{"key":"bibr17-2333794X221094266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir007"}],"container-title":["Global Pediatric Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2333794X221094266","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2333794X221094266","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2333794X221094266","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:07:49Z","timestamp":1777446469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2333794X221094266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":17,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2333794X221094266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333794x221094266","relation":{},"ISSN":["2333-794X","2333-794X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2333-794X","type":"print"},{"value":"2333-794X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"article-number":"2333794X221094266"}}