{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:58:32Z","timestamp":1791266312682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":285,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["academicpathologyjournal.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1177\/23742895211037027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T04:59:52Z","timestamp":1629867592000},"page":"23742895211037027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Educational Case: Understanding Kwashiorkor and Marasmus: Disease Mechanisms and Pathologic Consequences"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bunker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4142-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotsna","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2374289517715040","article-title":"Pathology competencies for medical education and educational cases","volume":"4","author":"Knollmann-Ritschel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad Pathol"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70408-9","article-title":"Chronic diarrhea and malabsorption","volume":"43","author":"Branski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib3","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Common intestinal parasites","volume":"69","author":"Kucik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib4","series-title":"Feeding during Late Infancy and Early Childhood: Impact on Health","first-page":"73","article-title":"Chronic Nonspecific Diarrhea of Childhood","author":"Kleinman","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/2384-5147.136816","article-title":"Evaluation of some laboratory parameters of malnourished children in Magaria district, Zinder, Niger Republic","volume":"1","author":"Mahaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sub-Saharan Afr J Med"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib6","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Kwashiorkor","author":"Benjamin","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000154","article-title":"Oedema in kwashiorkor is caused by hypoalbuminaemia","volume":"35","author":"Coulthard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1236_19","article-title":"Clinico-biochemical profile of sick children with severe acute malnutrition","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib9","series-title":"Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease","first-page":"433","article-title":"Environmental and nutritional diseases","author":"Kumar","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000057346","article-title":"The impact of malnutrition on kidney function","volume":"24","author":"Benabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Miner Electrolyte Metab"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib11","series-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","article-title":"Hypothermia and peripheral cold injuries","author":"Danzl","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.67","article-title":"Severe childhood malnutrition","volume":"3","author":"Bhutta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.01.024","article-title":"How maternal malnutrition affects linear growth and development in the offspring","volume":"435","author":"Papathakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2015.04.009","article-title":"Screening for malnutrition in older people","volume":"31","author":"Guyonnet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib15","series-title":"Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine","first-page":"691","article-title":"Nutritional factors in disease: disorders of altered energy balance","author":"Ralston","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922807310937","article-title":"Protein-energy malnutrition and feeding refusal secondary to food allergies","volume":"47","author":"Fortunato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2018.05.006","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment","volume":"127","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309534","article-title":"New insights into environmental enteric dysfunction","volume":"101","author":"Trehan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2016.02.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota and malnutrition","volume":"106","author":"Million","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib20","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Marasmus","author":"Titi-Lartey","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614s","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.614S","article-title":"Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement","volume":"85","author":"Georgieff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533616671861","article-title":"Diagnosing pediatric malnutrition: paradigm shifts of etiology-related definitions and appraisal of the indicators","volume":"32","author":"Bouma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000449175","article-title":"The rise and fall of protein malnutrition in global health","volume":"69","author":"Semba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02364.x","article-title":"Pneumonia in severely malnourished children in developing countries - mortality risk, aetiology and validity of WHO clinical signs: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Chisti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04253.x","article-title":"Kwashiorkor from a severe dietary restriction in an 8-month infant in suburban Detroit, Michigan: case report and review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Tierney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1177\/23742895211037027_bib26","author":"World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund"}],"container-title":["Academic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23742895211037027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23742895211037027","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2374289521003316?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2374289521003316?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23742895211037027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:26:25Z","timestamp":1762496785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2374289521003316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["S2374289521003316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23742895211037027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2374-2895"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2374-2895","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Educational Case: Understanding Kwashiorkor and Marasmus: Disease Mechanisms and Pathologic Consequences","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Academic Pathology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23742895211037027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 The Authors 2021","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"23742895211037027"}}