{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:55:38Z","timestamp":1762325738910,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Purdue University Health and Human Sciences (HHS) COVID- 19 Rapid Response Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SAGE Open Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p> During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses have faced various nurse-specific traumas in their workplaces, but there is limited understanding of the resulting outcomes and factors that contribute to them. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p> To address this gap, the study employed the middle-range theory of nurses\u2019 psychological trauma (NPT) to examine these relationships among frontline nurses working in critical care areas. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> In a quantitative cross-sectional study, the study compared nurses identified as probable cases of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with those identified as not probable cases. The study investigated the nurse-specific traumas they experienced, their individual personality traits, and the buffers they possessed. The study also sought to identify specific types of nurse-specific traumas that could be associated with negative outcomes, such as alcohol and drug use. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> It was found that PTSD-probable nurses reported higher levels of trauma from disasters and system\/medically induced trauma compared to not-probable nurses. They also experienced more nonwork-related humankind traumas and displayed lower resilience. Furthermore, PTSD-probable nurses identified with trait urgency and trait avoidance motivation. Additionally, trauma from disasters was associated with alcohol use. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> The study highlights the elevated levels of trauma, lower resilience, and specific psychological traits associated with PTSD-probable nurses, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and support to mitigate the negative outcomes experienced by frontline nurses. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608231214601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T06:21:06Z","timestamp":1700115666000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nurses\u2019 Psychological Trauma and Cognitive Control in the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-509X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiu","family":"Yu-Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingsong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Foli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2007.00609.x"},{"key":"bibr2-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032674"},{"key":"bibr3-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14937"},{"key":"bibr4-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2015.042"},{"key":"bibr5-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000000741"},{"key":"bibr6-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294183"},{"key":"bibr7-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731503254106"},{"key":"bibr8-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.047001.117"},{"key":"bibr9-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.67.2.319"},{"key":"bibr10-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.13194"},{"key":"bibr11-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00585"},{"key":"bibr12-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2165079920987543"},{"key":"bibr13-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.02.013"},{"key":"bibr14-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2021.07.009"},{"key":"bibr15-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.1.351"},{"key":"bibr16-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.3.500"},{"key":"bibr17-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"bibr18-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4380-9_6"},{"key":"bibr19-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ANS.0000000000000388"},{"key":"bibr21-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2020.04.011"},{"key":"bibr20-23779608231214601","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14988"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr22-23779608231214601","first-page":"193945920987123","volume":"43","author":"Foli K. 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