{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T11:01:56Z","timestamp":1777806116366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676419200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UH3-DE025514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3-DE025514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JDR Clinical &amp; Translational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cost-utility analysis (CUA)\u2014a method to evaluate intervention cost-effectiveness\u2014transforms benefits of alternatives into a measure of quantity and quality of life, such as quality-adjusted life year (QALY), to enable comparison across heterogeneous programs. Measurement challenges prevent directly estimating utilities and calculating QALYs for caries in primary dentition. Proxy disease QALYs are often used as a substitute; however, there lacks quantitative evidence that these proxy diseases are comparable to caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To employ a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to quantitatively determine the most comparable proxy disease for different levels of caries in primary dentition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional DCE survey was administered to respondents ( N = 461) who resided in California, were aged \u226518 y, and were primary caretakers for \u22651 child aged 3 to 12 y. Four attributes were included: pain level, disease duration, treatment cost, and family life impacts. Mixed effects logistic regression and conditional logistic regression were used to analyze the survey data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respondents from the overall sample preferred no pain over mild (odds ratio [OR] = 0.50, P &lt; 0.05), moderate (OR = 0.57, P &lt; 0.05), and severe pain (OR = 0.48, P &lt; 0.05). Acute gastritis (OR = 0.44, P &lt; 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.31, P &lt; 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.38, P &lt; 0.05) were less preferred than stage 1 caries. Acute tonsilitis (OR = 0.43, P &lt; 0.05), acute gastritis (OR = 0.38, P &lt; 0.05), chronic gastritis (OR = 0.26, P &lt; 0.01), and cold sore (OR = 0.33, P &lt; 0.01) were less preferred than stage 2 caries. Chronic gastritis (OR = 0.42, P &lt; 0.05) was less preferred than stage 4 caries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parents viewed the characteristics of many diseases with similar QALYs differently. Findings suggest that otitis media and its QALY\u2014as commonly used in CUAs\u2014may be a suitable proxy disease and substitute. However, other disease states with slightly different QALYs may be suitable. As such, the recommendation is to consider a range of proxy diseases and their QALYs when conducting a CUA for child caries interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Knowledge Transfer Statement:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reviews and systematically compares pediatric diseases that are comparable to caries in primary dentition. The findings may inform future research using cost-utility analysis to examine the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of interventions to prevent and treat caries as compared with an alternative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844221149337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]],"date-time":"2023-02-15T06:05:23Z","timestamp":1676441123000},"page":"85-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quality-Adjusted Life Year Proxies for Caries in Primary Dentition: A Discrete Choice Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6528-4564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.K.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health & Aging, Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, Department of Preventive Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.E. Arriola","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Iribarren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lindau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Ramos-Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3147-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.A.","family":"Gansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Center to Address Disparities in Children\u2019s Oral Health, Department of Preventive Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.021"},{"key":"bibr2-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3173\/air.17.86"},{"key":"bibr3-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958016663728"},{"key":"bibr4-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17155598"},{"key":"bibr5-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1697"},{"key":"bibr6-23800844221149337","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond MF","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-23800844221149337","first-page":"1","volume":"248","author":"Dye BA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat 11"},{"key":"bibr8-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0990-3"},{"key":"bibr9-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.04.004"},{"key":"bibr10-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X07312711"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr11-23800844221149337","first-page":"30","volume":"35","author":"Kay E","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"bibr12-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12181"},{"key":"bibr13-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.146209"},{"key":"bibr14-23800844221149337","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(96)80188-3"},{"key":"bibr15-23800844221149337","unstructured":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. 2021. 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