{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:48:19Z","timestamp":1787654899619,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JDR Clinical &amp; Translational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nurses are key in the delivery of the basic package of oral care in the primary health care system. Whereas oral health care training is essential for apt oral care delivery, the scope and training approaches for the primary health care nurse are not well established. A mentorship approach has rarely been explored for oral health training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to develop a basic package of oral health care training program for primary health care nurses in Kenya. It also evaluated and compared the effects of workshop and mentorship approaches on a basic package of oral care training outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) instructional model was used to develop the training program. This used a scoping review approach to inform the design and development stages of the training. Implementation followed a quasi-experimental design to deliver a 1-y postworkshop mentorship program (experiment) against a workshop-only (control) group. The Kirkpatrick framework was used for evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A training program with 7 learning areas and 37 subtopics covering nurses\u2019 basic package of oral care tasks was developed and evaluated. Summative analysis included 67 nurses (experiment,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 33; control,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34) and 1,128 parents (experiment,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 570; control,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 558). Improvement was noted in nurses\u2019 overall knowledge (47.9% to 64.7%), confidence (77.3% to 92.2%), and oral health care services delivery (0.3% to 35.8%). Overall parental child oral health practices improved from 31.3% to 44.4%. The experiment group exhibited significantly higher scores for confidence, oral health care services delivery, and parental child oral health practices. Longitudinal decay in knowledge and confidence was lower in the experiment group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A basic package of oral health care training program for primary health care nurses in Kenya was successfully developed and evaluated. For all outcomes evaluated, the mentorship approach yielded better results than the workshop approach did. These results highlight mentorship as an integral component in a basic package of oral care training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Knowledge Transfer Statement:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study of primary health care nurses in Kenya provides insights to inform oral health and primary health care policy makers about oral health education, oral urgent treatment, referral, and oral health service documentation training requirements. It shows how planning and prioritization for in-service oral health training sessions could be maximized with limited resources. It also demonstrates the benefit of a mentorship training approach over a workshop-only approach to ensure optimal outcomes of oral health indicators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844251346768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T07:19:25Z","timestamp":1752304765000},"page":"501-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Developing a Basic Package of Oral Care Training Program for Primary Health Care Nurses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8630-0490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"Kaguru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Mutave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ayah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mugambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"54","article-title":"Effect of training program based on ADDIE model on pediatric nurses\u2019 performance regarding blood transfusion: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Abbass RA","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abbass RA, Ramezani M, Moonaghi HK, Hossein AA, Saki A, Esfahani H. 2022. Effect of training program based on ADDIE model on pediatric nurses\u2019 performance regarding blood transfusion: a randomized clinical trial. Evid Based Care J. 12(4):54\u201361.","journal-title":"Evid Based Care J"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Teaching imaging methods according to the needs of nurses working in Mashhad based on the ADDIE model","volume":"15","author":"Alinezhadnameghi M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alinezhadnameghi M, Karimi Moonaghi H, Emadzadeh A, Pezeshki Rad M, Ziaei A. 2024. Teaching imaging methods according to the needs of nurses working in Mashhad based on the ADDIE model. Horiz Med Educ Dev. 15(4):6\u201316.","journal-title":"Horiz Med Educ Dev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arciniegas Calle MC Lobelo F Jim\u00e9nez MA P\u00e1ez DC Cort\u00e9s S De Lima A Duperly J. 2016. One-day workshop-based training improves physical activity prescription knowledge in Latin American physicians: a pre-test post-test study. BMC Public Health. 16(1):1224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-016-3883-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3883-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20020317.2017.1379346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q Li Z Tang S Zhou C Castro AR Jiang S Huang C Xiao J. 2022. Development of a blended emergent research training program for clinical nurses (part 1). BMC Nurs. 21(1):2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-021-00786-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-021-00786-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheung L. 2016. Using the ADDIE model of instructional design to teach chest radiograph interpretation. J Biomed Educ. 2016;Article ID 9502572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9502572.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9502572"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christian B George A Veginadu P Villarosa A Makino Y Kim WJ Masood M Martin R Harada Y Mijares-Majini MC. 2023. Strategies to integrate oral health into primary care: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 13(7):e070622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070622.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu TL Wang J Lin HL Lee HF Lin CT Chieh LY Sung YC Lin YE. 2019. Multimedia-assisted instruction on pain assessment learning of new nurses: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Med Educ. 19(1):68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-019-1496-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1496-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118558775.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsetlund L O\u2019Brien MA Fors\u00e9n L Reinar LM Okwen MP Horsley T Rose CJ. 2021. Continuing education meetings and workshops: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9(9):CD003030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd003030.pub3.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003030.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","unstructured":"Frencken J Holmgren CJ van Palenstein Helderman WH. 2002. Basic package of oral care. Nijmegen (Netherlands): WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Health Care Planning and Future Scenarios University of Nijmegen."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho TTT Oh J. 2022. Development and evaluation of cultural competence course on undergraduate nursing students in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19(2):888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19020888.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020888"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511432341"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Primary oral health care and smiles for life curriculum adaptation for nurses training in low income countries: a case of Tanzanian context","volume":"7","author":"Iseselo MK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iseselo MK, Minja IK, Klar RT, Gallant K, Kassam S, Bergman MJ. 2017. Primary oral health care and smiles for life curriculum adaptation for nurses training in low income countries: a case of Tanzanian context. J Nurs Educ Pract. 7(4):43\u201350.","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/00220124-20210913-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1273"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S357863"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2021.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolisa Y. 2016. Assessment of oral health promotion services offered as part of maternal and child health services in the Tshwane Health District Pretoria South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 8(1):e1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v8i1.794.","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v8i1.794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2015\/12438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","first-page":"969","article-title":"Using ADDIE model to develop a nursing information system training program for new graduate nurse","volume":"225","author":"Lu SC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lu SC, Cheng YC, Chan PT. 2016. Using ADDIE model to develop a nursing information system training program for new graduate nurse. Stud Health Technol Inform. 225:969\u2013970.","journal-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-22-00620.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malan Z Mash B Everett-Murphy K. 2015. Development of a training programme for primary care providers to counsel patients with risky lifestyle behaviours in South Africa. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 7(1):819. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/phcfm.v7i1.819.","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v7i1.819"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/AJHPE.2017.v9i4.853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2002. National oral health policy and strategic plan: 2002-2012. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2008. Health sector indicators and standard operating procedure manual for health workers. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health; [accessed 2024 Aug 15]. https:\/\/www.studocu.com\/row\/document\/university-of-nairobi\/public-health\/moh-health-indicator-manual-2008\/81811710."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2009. Clinical guidelines for management and referral of common conditions at levels 2\u20133: primary care. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Medical Services and Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2015. Kenya national oral health survey report 2015. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health. https:\/\/academia-ke.org\/library\/download\/moh-kenya-national-oral-health-survey-report-2015\/?wpdmdl=7117&refresh=68237b57071de1747155799."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_31_1.1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2019. Kenya primary health care strategic framework: 2019-2024. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_31_1.2","unstructured":"[accessed 2024 Aug 15]. https:\/\/chu4uhc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Kenya-Primary-Healthcare-Strategic-Framework-Signed-1-1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2020. Mother and child health handbook. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health; [accessed 2024 Aug 15]. https:\/\/url.avanan.click\/v2\/r01\/\u2014https:\/\/www.kenyapaediatric.org\/ecd\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Mother-Child-Health-Handbook-MOH-NEW-LAYOUT-10th-Sep-2020.pdf\u2014.YXAzOmlhZHI6YTpvOjkxZjdkMGE2NjZjODY5OWIzNjljZmEyOGMxYzA1NDZjOjc6Mjk5Mzo1MDIyMjUzMTFjNTY0NmJjNDkxMDMzMTY3NTlhODdkZDY4ZTYzMzdiNmZkM2I0YmIxZGY5ZTQwZWU2YmEzYTRjOmg6VDpG."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Heatlh. 2022a. Kenya national oral health policy 2022-2030. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health; [accessed 2024 Aug 15]. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/KENYA-NATIONAL-ORAL-HEALTH-POLICY-2022-2030.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 2022b. Kenya national oral health strategic plan 2022-2026. Nairobi (Kenya): Ministry of Health. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-08\/KENYA-NATIONAL-ORAL-HEALTH-STRATEGIC-PLAN-2022-2026.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Instructional design models-framework for innovative teaching and learning methodologies","volume":"2","author":"Obizoba C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Obizoba C. 2015. Instructional design models-framework for innovative teaching and learning methodologies. Int J High Educ Manag. 2(1):40\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J High Educ Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_144_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters MDJ Marnie C Colquhoun H Garritty CM Hempel S Horsley T Langlois EV Lillie E O\u2019Brien KK Tun\u00e7alp \u00d6 et al. 2021. Scoping reviews: reinforcing and advancing the methodology and application. 10(1):263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-021-01821-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01821-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"A half-day stroke workshop based on the Kirkpatrick model to improve new clinical staff behavior","volume":"8","author":"Shinohara M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinohara M, Nakamura T, Kunikata N, Okudera H, Kuroda Y. 2020. A half-day stroke workshop based on the Kirkpatrick model to improve new clinical staff behavior. J Adv Med Educ Prof. 8(1):10\u201317.","journal-title":"J Adv Med Educ Prof"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2016. Promoting oral health in Africa: prevention and control of oral diseases and noma as part of essential non-communicable disease interventions. Brazzaville (Republic of Congo): WHO Regional Office for Africa; [accessed 2025 May 12]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/promoting-oral-health-in-africa-prevention-and-control-of-oral-diseases-and-noma-as-part-of-essential-noncommunicable-disease-interventions\/."}],"container-title":["JDR Clinical &amp; Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23800844251346768","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23800844251346768","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23800844251346768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:04:19Z","timestamp":1781535859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23800844251346768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23800844251346768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23800844251346768","relation":{},"ISSN":["2380-0844","2380-0852"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2380-0844","type":"print"},{"value":"2380-0852","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]}}}