{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:04:54Z","timestamp":1784599494995,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2022\/12885-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2022\/12885-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2023\/11709-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2023\/11709-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JDR Clinical &amp; Translational Research"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to identify and categorize polarized messages about fluoride in Facebook posts shared by professionals or organizations engaged in scientific communication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 250 English-language Facebook posts were retrieved using CrowdTangle. Posts were classified by a trained investigator according to their fluoride perspective (pro- or anti-fluoride) regarding dental caries prevention. Each post was segmented into individual sentences and analyzed using deductive thematic content analysis in QDA Miner to determine polarization status (polarized or nonpolarized). Polarized sentences were then categorized into 3 predefined themes: criticism, emphasis, and discordance. All classifications were validated by an experienced investigator. Category frequencies were analyzed, and topic modeling was conducted using WordStat. Cram\u00e9r\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">V<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests were performed to assess distribution differences (P &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polarized posts comprised 56.00% of the sample (n = 140). Anti-fluoride content was significantly more frequent in polarized posts (n = 109, 92.37%), while pro-fluoride content predominated among nonpolarized posts (n = 101, 76.52%) (P &lt; 0.001). Health professionals were the most frequent authors of polarized posts (n = 75, 53.57%), whereas mass media authors were more prevalent in nonpolarized posts (n = 50, 45.45%) (P &lt; 0.001). Criticism was more common in pro-fluoride sentences (9.4%) compared to anti-fluoride sentences (5.1%), while emphasis appeared more frequently in anti-fluoride content (44.0%) than in pro-fluoride content (34.6%). Topic modeling revealed 4 polarized topics related to detoxifying behaviors, and 5 nonpolarized topics focused on oral health maintenance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polarized messages were frequently found in Facebook posts about fluoride, with a strong association with anti-fluoride perspectives. Pro- and anti-fluoride polarized content differed in intent, shifting between defense and attack, respectively, as reflected in the rhetorical strategies employed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Knowledge Transfer Statement:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reveals patterns in the presentation of polarized fluoride content on Facebook. Specifically, anti-fluoride posts commonly used dramatization and skepticism, while pro-fluoride messages emphasized consensus and scientific authority. These findings may inform the development of more effective public health communication strategies aimed at countering misinformation and reinforcing evidence-based information regarding fluoride\u2019s role in the prevention of dental caries on social media platforms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23800844261464610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T11:41:17Z","timestamp":1784374877000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification and Categorization of Polarized Fluoride Messages in Facebook Posts"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"A.M.","family":"Juc\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0122-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.R.","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5266-5798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"O.S.","family":"Jorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Lotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7095-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Cruvinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022381608080493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bessi A et al. 2016. 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