{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:06:49Z","timestamp":1772165209027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Society for Medical Decision Making (SMDM) COVID-19 Decision Modeling Initiative","award":["UTA20-000825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UTA20-000825"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01IP001136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01IP001136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH R01 AI151176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH R01 AI151176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MDM Policy &amp; Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. In mid-2020, there was significant concern that the overlapping 2020\u20132021 influenza season and COVID-19 pandemic would overwhelm already stressed health care systems in the Northern Hemisphere, particularly if influenza immunization rates were low. Methods. Using a mathematical susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) compartmental model incorporating the age-specific viral transmission rates and disease severity of Austin, Texas, a large metropolitan region, we projected the incidence and health care burden for both COVID-19 and influenza across observed levels of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and influenza immunization rates for the 2020\u20132021 season. We then retrospectively compared scenario projections made in August 2020 with observed trends through June 2021. Results. Across all scenarios, we projected that the COVID-19 burden would dwarf that of influenza. In all but our lowest transmission scenarios, intensive care units were overwhelmed by COVID-19 patients, with the levels of influenza immunization having little impact on health care capacity needs. Consistent with our projections, sustained nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in Austin prevented COVID-19 from overwhelming health care systems and almost completely suppressed influenza during the 2020\u20132021 respiratory virus season. Limitations. The model assumed no cross-immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, which might reduce the burden or slow the transmission of 1 or both viruses. Conclusion. Before the widespread rollout of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, COVID-19 was projected to cause an order of magnitude more hospitalizations than seasonal influenza because of its higher transmissibility and severity. Consistent with predictions assuming strong NPIs, COVID-19 strained but did not overwhelm local health care systems in Austin, while the influenza burden was negligible. Implications. Nonspecific NPI efforts can dramatically reduce seasonal influenza burden and preserve health care capacity during respiratory virus season.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the COVID-19 pandemic threatened lives worldwide, the Northern Hemisphere braced for a potential \u201ctwindemic\u201d of seasonal influenza and COVID-19. Using a validated mathematical model of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-circulation in a large US city, we projected the impact of COVID-19\u2013driven nonpharmaceutical interventions combined with influenza vaccination on health care capacity during the 2020\u20132021 respiratory virus season. We describe analyses conducted during summer 2020 to help US cities prepare for the 2020\u20132021 influenza season and provide a retrospective evaluation of the initial projections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23814683221084631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T02:16:13Z","timestamp":1646792173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Projecting the Combined Health Care Burden of Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19 in the 2020\u20132021 Season"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2020-767X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanwei","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spencer J.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanvi","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Pignone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas At Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5828-8874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren Ancel","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"bibr1-23814683221084631","volume":"20","author":"Olsen SJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"bibr2-23814683221084631","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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