{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:59:19Z","timestamp":1767664759163,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["MDM Policy &amp; Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is a lifelong disease requiring long-term or indefinite therapy, resulting in substantial economic burden. Thus, careful consideration must be used in the selection of therapies.\n                    <jats:bold>Aim.<\/jats:bold>\n                    This analysis assessed the cost-effectiveness of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) from the perspective of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Administration Healthcare payer for the management of CHB over a lifetime horizon.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods.<\/jats:bold>\n                    An individual patient simulation model assessed the impact of treatment on CHB infection for liver- and safety-related outcomes. Patients could achieve spontaneous or treatment-induced responses, experience a reactivation of the disease, develop long-term liver complications, or experience treatment-related renal or bone complications. Patient population profiles were based on clinical trial and real-world data. Data on clinical parameters (safety, mortality, resistance risk, and flare), health utilities, and costs were sourced from the published literature.\n                    <jats:bold>Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    TAF was associated with fewer liver disease events and fewer cases of bone and renal complications per 100 person-years. TAF also had higher eAg and sAg seroconversion compared with TDF and ETV. As compared with both treatments, TAF was both more effective and more costly, resulting in incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of USD 3,348 and USD 3,940 per quality-adjusted life-year gained versus TDF and ETV, respectively.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    TAF leads to better health outcomes at acceptable incremental costs compared with the most commonly used therapies in the management of CHB, thus making it a cost-effective option for the treatment of CHB in Taiwan.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>The cost-effectiveness of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) was assessed in patients with chronic hepatitis B in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:p>TAF was associated with fewer liver disease events, fewer cases of bone and renal complications, and higher eAG and sAG seroconversion compared with TDF and ETV; TAF was found to be cost-effective compared with both treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                      <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <\/jats:list>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23814683251328659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T20:20:16Z","timestamp":1743279616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cost-Effectiveness of Tenofovir Alafenamide for Chronic Hepatitis B Virus in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elise Chia-Hui","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Service Administration, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Yehoshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushanth","family":"Jeyakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maple Health Group, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pongo","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathaniel J.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maple Health Group, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Kachru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines for the prevention care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis B infection. [Accessed 28 January 2016]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241549059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1872-034X.2007.00170.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-200411003-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"Orr JG Thomas R Stow D. Eleven year mortality and referral practices associated with abnormal alanine aminotransferase results. Presented at: The International Liver Congress\u2122; April 13\u201317 2016; Barcelona Spain."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin SK Yeon JE Kwon OS et al. Alanine aminotransferase normalization during entecavir treatment and hepatocellular carcinoma risk in hepatitis B virus-associated cirrhosis. Presented at: The International Liver Congress\u2122; April 13\u201317 2016; Barcelona Spain.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(16)00482-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06695.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)33991-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","article-title":"Higher and rising prevalence and incidence of renal impairment and chronic kidney disease in chronic hepatitis B patients compared to matched non-chronic hepatitis B controls in the United States: results of a real-world analysis","volume":"152","author":"Nguyen MH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nguyen MH, Lim J, Liou I, et al. Higher and rising prevalence and incidence of renal impairment and chronic kidney disease in chronic hepatitis B patients compared to matched non-chronic hepatitis B controls in the United States: results of a real-world analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5)(1):S1051\u2013S1052.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Bristol Myers Squibb. Baraclude (entecavir) [package insert]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration website. [Accessed 22 August 2023]. https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2010\/021797s011lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences inventor; VIREAD\u00ae (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) tablets for oral use and powder for oral use. US prescribing information. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences. Taiwan National Health Insurance Administration of the Ministry of Health and Welfare Approves Vemlidy(R) (tenofovir alafenamide) for reimbursement. Available from: https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/taiwan-national-health-insurance-administration-of-the-ministry-of-health-and-welfare-approves-vemlidyr\u2013tenofovir-alafenamide-for-reimbursement-300840369.html [Accessed 22 August 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(16)30024-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2468-1253(16)30107-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE health technology evaluations: the manual. NICE Process and Methods [PMG36]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/process\/pmg36\/chapter\/introduction-to-health-technology-evaluation [Accessed 21 May 2024]."},{"journal-title":"Data on file","author":"Gilead Sciences","key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences. Data on file."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14040732"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/meg.0000000000000376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/hta10280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00777.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1989.tb00405.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03691.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2002.02673.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.Tp.0000046533.93621.C7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"Foundation for Osteoporosis Research and Education. 10-year fracture risk calculator version 2.0. Available from: https:\/\/www.sheffield.ac.uk\/FRAX\/tool.aspx?country=9. Accessed December 14 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283365356"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"United States Renal Data System (USRDS). 2014 annual data report. Volume 1: CKD. Chapter 3: Morbidity and mortality. 2014. https:\/\/www.niddk.nih.gov\/about-niddk\/strategic-plans-reports\/usrds\/prior-data-reports\/2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1968"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000002276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(17)33665-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000009756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","unstructured":"Ministry of the Interior Republic of China (Taiwan). Abridged life table of Republic of China. Available from: https:\/\/ws.moi.gov.tw\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"Gilead Sciences. Panel of national and international CHB key opinion leaders in the United States."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2007.00297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-017-0385-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-016-3502-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.03.825"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp174"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","unstructured":"National Statistics Republic of China (Taiwan). Consumer Price Index Medical Care Services February 2021. May 1 2021. Available from: https:\/\/eng.stat.gov.tw\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/clep.S196293"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","unstructured":"National Health Insurance. Annual medical expenses report. Available from: https:\/\/www.nhi.gov.tw\/english\/Content_List.aspx?n=1D1ECC54F86E9050%26topn=1D1ECC54F86E9050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200826110-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11586470-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Baltussen RMPM Adam T et al. Making choices in health: WHO guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2011.10.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-014-9593-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-020-10039-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","volume-title":"Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016-2021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis, 2016-2021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/aot.938731"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040813"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2010.00782.x"}],"container-title":["MDM Policy &amp; Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23814683251328659","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23814683251328659","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23814683251328659","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T01:04:06Z","timestamp":1767661446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/23814683251328659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/23814683251328659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23814683251328659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2381-4683","2381-4683"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2381-4683"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2381-4683"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"23814683251328659"}}