{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:18:20Z","timestamp":1768403900391,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Effective communication between health care professionals and Deaf and Hard of Hearing (D&amp;HH) patients remains a challenge. Literature regarding health professionals\u2019 knowledge of the D&amp;HH community and their barriers toward health care access is limited in Puerto Rico and suggests a need for research. Therefore, this descriptive study aims to evaluate future physician\u2019s knowledge about the Deaf culture and community in a student cohort at San Juan Bautista School of Medicine (SJBSM), with the objective of guiding our results toward improving our curriculum. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Medical students answered a survey to evaluate their knowledge of D&amp;HH patients. The survey consisted of 3 parts testing awareness, exposure, and knowledge of the Deaf community. Responses from the Knowledge section were graded using an answer key, and correct answers were added to create an overall continuous sum score per participant, with higher scores meaning higher knowledge. Participants were also asked to write in possible issues deaf patients may face when hospitalized, apart from communication problems. All data were recorded and used for descriptive analysis. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p> 158 (68%) medical students participated. 63% reported exposure to D&amp;HH people, and 80% were aware of the Deaf culture. 21% of students answered to have attended an American Sign Language (ASL) class, and 86% expressed interest in taking an ASL class. The overall percentage of correct answers from all the medical groups evaluated was 39%, with increasing percent knowledge as medical student year increased. The most frequently listed problem by respondents that deaf patients may face when hospitalized was dealing with an emergency in the hospital, such as the fire alarm. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p> Students from clinical years (MSIII &amp; MSIV) showed a better understanding of the Deaf culture than students in pre-clinical years (MSI &amp; MSII). Nevertheless, the knowledge was limited in all groups. The information generated is not only valuable for our school but the healthcare community as well. The literature related to Deaf culture, particularly in the medical setting in Puerto Rico, is limited. Therefore, there exists a need to continue investigating ways to improve medical students\u2019 education of the Deaf culture and community. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2382120521992326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T07:33:33Z","timestamp":1612856013000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessing Medical Students\u2019 Knowledge of the Deaf Culture and Community in Puerto Rico: A Descriptive Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S","family":"Kung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicente J","family":"Covas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Rivera-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yllen Y","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaritza","family":"Diaz-Algorri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Dean of the MPH Program, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4220-5413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Chinapen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2382120521992326","unstructured":"Addressing the rising prevalence of hearing loss. World Health Organization; 2018."},{"key":"bibr2-2382120521992326","volume-title":"2016 Disability status report: Puerto Rico","author":"Erickson W","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr3-2382120521992326","unstructured":"Disability & Health U.S. Profile Data for Puerto Rico (Adults 18+ years of age). Disability and Health Data System. National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. September 16, 2020."},{"key":"bibr4-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.0889"},{"key":"bibr5-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30846-6"},{"key":"bibr6-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.0.0128"},{"key":"bibr7-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006668"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-2382120521992326","volume":"4","author":"Smeijers AS","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mental Health Deafness"},{"key":"bibr9-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S182516"},{"key":"bibr10-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/env042"},{"key":"bibr11-2382120521992326","volume-title":"General overview of the Puerto Rican signed language interpreter","author":"Rivera KY.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr12-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPR.0000445956.21045.c4"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr13-2382120521992326","first-page":"A45","volume":"8","author":"Barnett S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"bibr14-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200406000-00002"},{"key":"bibr15-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.18.3.218"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr16-2382120521992326","first-page":"310","volume":"116","author":"Cutri AM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"key":"bibr17-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00011"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr18-2382120521992326","first-page":"30","volume":"9","author":"Ali S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"bibr19-2382120521992326","volume-title":"Diversity in Medical Education","author":"AMA President Elect Dr","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr20-2382120521992326","unstructured":"Statement of the American Medical Association to the Institute of Medicine\u2019s Committee on Determination of Essential Health Care Benefits [press release]. Washington, DC; 2011."},{"key":"bibr21-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e31826d322d"},{"key":"bibr22-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200312000-00006"},{"key":"bibr23-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/aad.2015.0014"},{"key":"bibr24-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1666-z"},{"key":"bibr25-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/ajpe75353"},{"key":"bibr26-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-18-0130"},{"key":"bibr27-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-010-0144-4"},{"key":"bibr28-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200207000-00009"},{"key":"bibr29-2382120521992326","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.1991.tb00073.x"},{"key":"bibr30-2382120521992326","unstructured":"Disability Characteristics 2010: American Community Survey 1-year estimates. US Census Bureau;2011."},{"key":"bibr31-2382120521992326","unstructured":"Disdier Flores OM. Resolucion Conjunta del Senado 409. In: Rico IdEdP, ed. Puerto Rico; 2018."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2382120521992326","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2382120521992326","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2382120521992326","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1740837707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2382120521992326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2382120521992326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2382120521992326","relation":{},"ISSN":["2382-1205","2382-1205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2382-1205","type":"print"},{"value":"2382-1205","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"2382120521992326"}}