{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:32:12Z","timestamp":1781245932664,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NOSM Medical Education Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title><jats:p>In recent years, Indigenous health curricula have been integrated into medical education in response to international calls to improve Indigenous health care. Instruments to evaluate Indigenous health education are urgently needed. We set out to validate a tool to measure self-reported medical student preparedness to provide culturally safe care to Indigenous Peoples. We then applied the tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine University's (NOSM U) Indigenous health curriculum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted psychometric testing of a 46-item draft NOSM Cultural Competency and Safety Tool (CAST). Testing included principal components analysis, subscale and item analysis, and the use of paired sample t-tests to examine pre- and posttest change to measure learner outcomes. The NOSM CAST was transposed to create a retrospective pre\u2013posttest survey with single-point-in-time scoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondents included five cohorts of first-year undergraduate medical students, with 305 of 320 participating (response rate of 95.3%). The validated survey subscales included knowledge, confidence\/preparedness, attitudes, intentions for advocacy, antidiscrimination, and self-reflective practice, measured using 36 scale items. Cronbach's alpha showed good to excellent internal consistency for the scales ( \u03b1 range\u2009=\u20090.82\u20130.91). Composite reliability values were acceptable. The pre\u2013posttest analysis showed statistically significant increases on four scales: knowledge [ t(254)\u2009=\u200915.10, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001], confidence\/preparedness [ t(254)\u2009=\u200915.85, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001], intentions for advocacy [ t(251)\u2009=\u20093.32, P\u2009=\u2009.001], and self-reflective practice [ t(254)\u2009=\u20098.04, P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001]. The largest mean increases were for knowledge ( d\u2009=\u20091.07) and confidence\/preparedness ( d\u2009=\u20091.15).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NOSM CAST tracks student progress in Indigenous health curricula. NOSM U's classroom and immersion-based Indigenous health curriculum enhanced students\u2019 self-reported preparedness for culturally safe care. NOSM CAST implemented together with an assessment of Indigenous patient experiences with the same learners constitutes a rigorous evaluation approach to Indigenous health curricula.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205241286292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T09:10:20Z","timestamp":1727946620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Effectiveness of Indigenous Health Curricula: Validation and Application of the NOSM CAST Instrument"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9901-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion","family":"Maar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Urajnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Rural and Northern Health Research (CRaNHR), Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey L.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrel","family":"Manitowabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorrilee","family":"McGregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Senecal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Strasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne","family":"Warry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA"},{"name":"Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0031-5304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Jacklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA"},{"name":"Memory Keepers Medical Discovery Team, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-23821205241286292","unstructured":"United Nations.United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 2008. 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