{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T07:50:23Z","timestamp":1791877823656,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Training in outbreak investigation is essential for public health readiness. This study examines how simulation-based training improves medical students\u2019 outbreak investigation skills compared to conventional lecture techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) at Combined Military Hospital (CMH) Lahore Medical College over an eleven-month period. Participants were recruited from 4th-year MBBS students without any prior outbreak investigation training. Participants were randomized to control (lecture) (n = 45) and intervention (simulation) (n = 42) groups. Simulation-based training involving a Cholera outbreak scenario was compared to traditional lecture-based teaching. Pre and post-intervention assessments were used to measure knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Statistical analyses included t-tests and descriptive statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulation-based training resulted in a significantly greater improvement in knowledge and skills compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001). No statistically significant improvement in attitudes was observed (p = 0.068 within simulation group; p = 0.866 between groups).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulation-based training was associated with greater improvement in knowledge and skills than traditional lecture-based teaching, while no significant difference was observed in attitudes. Although both groups showed increases in scores, simulation-based training was associated with greater improvement in knowledge and skills related to outbreak investigation. The outcomes specify that in order to achieve complex learning requirements, medical education needs a variety of scholastic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Simulation-based training was associated with greater improvement in knowledge and skills compared to traditional teaching. To augment educational outcomes and qualify aspiring healthcare professionals for real-world challenges, preceptors should think about incorporating simulation-based training into their curriculum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23821205261479941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:21:06Z","timestamp":1788794466000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training Versus Traditional Lecturing for Outbreak Investigation Among Medical Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9396-9115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana Sajawal","family":"Joiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eisha","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muteeah","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minahil","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0627-2521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umar","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, D.G.Khan Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sher Afgan Ali Khan","family":"Burki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniyal","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"},{"name":"Shalamar Medical and Dental College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabail","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muskan","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Robas","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nouman","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College & Institute Of Dentistry"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, D.G.Khan Medical College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4300-5941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somaiya","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/medu.12432"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e3180f637f5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Using simulation-based training to enhance outbreak response capabilities","volume":"16","author":"Teter JH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Teter JH, Valasek M. 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