{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:09:06Z","timestamp":1792804146813,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 DC 13027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 DC 13027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DC 013017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DC 013017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Autism &amp; Developmental Language Impairments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developmental motor speech impairment has been suspected, but rarely systematically examined, in low- and minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder. We aimed to investigate the extent of motor speech impairment in this population and its relation to number of different words produced during a semi-structured language sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Videos of 54 low-verbal and minimally verbal individuals (ages 4;4\u201318;10) performing portions of a speech praxis test were coded for signs of motor speech impairment (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech). Age, autism spectrum disorder severity, nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary were compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four groups emerged: (1) speech within normal limits ( n\u2009=\u200912), (2) non-childhood apraxia of speech impairment ( n\u2009=\u200916), (3) suspected childhood apraxia of speech ( n\u2009=\u200913), and (4) insufficient speech to rate ( n\u2009=\u200913). Groups differed significantly in nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary. Overall, only speech production ability and receptive vocabulary accounted for significant variance in number of different words. Receptive vocabulary significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 1 and 2, while speech production ability significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 3 and 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If replicated, our findings have important implications for developing much-needed spoken language interventions in minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941519856333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T21:51:48Z","timestamp":1560894708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Motor speech impairment predicts expressive language in minimally verbal, but not low verbal, individuals with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4294-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Chenausky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Brignell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language, Murdoch Children\u2019s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Tager-Flusberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sargent College, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/108835769801300207"},{"key":"bibr2-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr3-2396941519856333","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (n.d.). Speech sound disorders-articulation and phonology (practice portal). Retrieved 16 April 2019 from https:\/\/www.asha.org\/Practice-Portal\/Clinical-Topics\/Articulation-and-Phonology\/."},{"key":"bibr4-2396941519856333","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (1993). Definitions of communication disorders and variations [Relevant Paper]. Retrieved from www.asha.org\/policy."},{"key":"bibr5-2396941519856333","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2004).\n                      Admission\/discharge criteria in speech-language pathology\n                      [Guidelines]. Retrieved from www.asha.org\/policy."},{"key":"bibr6-2396941519856333","unstructured":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2007). Childhood apraxia of speech [Technical Report]. Retrieved from www.asha.org\/policy."},{"key":"bibr7-2396941519856333","volume-title":"A manual from communicaid: assessment of oromotor skills in toddlers","author":"Archana G.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr8-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2003.00507.x"},{"key":"bibr9-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-018-3628-4"},{"key":"bibr10-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2013.00047"},{"key":"bibr11-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"bibr112-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brady, N., Bruce, S., Goldman, A., Erickson, K., Mineo, B., Ogletree, B., Wilkonson, K. (2016) Communication services and supports for individuals with severe disabilities: Guidance for assessment and intervention.\n                      American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities\n                      ,\n                      121\n                      (2), 121-138.","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7558-121.2.121"},{"key":"bibr12-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2396941518767610"},{"key":"bibr13-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00175"},{"key":"bibr14-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164930"},{"key":"bibr15-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2006"},{"key":"bibr16-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"bibr17-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiStefano, C. & Kasari, C. (2016). The window to language is still open: Distinguishing between preverbal and minimally verbal children with ASD.\n                      Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups\n                      SIG 1, Vol. 1(Part 1).","DOI":"10.1044\/persp1.SIG1.4"},{"key":"bibr18-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2006.02.003"},{"key":"bibr19-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Motor speech disorders: Substrates, differential diagnosis, and management","author":"Duffy J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr20-2396941519856333","volume-title":"PPVT-4: Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr21-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12406"},{"key":"bibr22-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr23-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.149"},{"key":"bibr24-2396941519856333","volume-title":"The Goldman-Fristoe test of articulation \u2013 3rd edition","author":"Goldman R.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr25-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2008.01065.x"},{"key":"bibr26-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Verbal motor production assessment for children","author":"Hayden D.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr27-2396941519856333","unstructured":"Hus, V., Maye, M., Harvey, L., Guthrie, W., Liang, J. & Lord, C. (2011). The adapted ADOS \u2013 Preliminary findings using a modified version of the ADOS for adults who are nonverbal or have limited language. In: Poster presented at the international meeting for autism research. San Diego, CA, 13 May."},{"key":"bibr28-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12609"},{"key":"bibr29-2396941519856333","volume-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, Version 25.0","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr30-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2015.01.002"},{"key":"bibr31-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Communication DEALL developmental checklists","author":"Karanth P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr32-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Kaufman speech praxis test","author":"Kaufman N. R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr33-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.06.010"},{"key":"bibr34-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.07.011"},{"key":"bibr35-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic observation schedule (modules 1\u20134)","author":"Lord C.","year":"2012","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr36-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0510-1"},{"key":"bibr37-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0102-x"},{"key":"bibr38-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Assessing language production using SALT software: A clinician\u2019s guide to language sample analysis","author":"Miller J.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr39-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-017-0035-9"},{"key":"bibr40-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14150"},{"key":"bibr41-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361314556782"},{"key":"bibr42-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172007"},{"key":"bibr43-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0142-x"},{"key":"bibr44-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Leiter-3: Leiter International Performance Scale, third edition","author":"Roid G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr45-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Autism diagnostic interview \u2013 Revised","author":"Rutter M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr46-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (CARS2)","author":"Schopler E.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr47-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1117-5"},{"key":"bibr48-2396941519856333","first-page":"1","author":"Shriberg L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, (Suppl.)"},{"key":"bibr49-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1238"},{"key":"bibr50-2396941519856333","volume-title":"Dynamic evaluation of motor speech skill (DEMSS)","author":"Strand E.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr51-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/12-0094)"},{"key":"bibr52-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnr.2006.06.007"},{"key":"bibr53-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-012-4297-8"},{"key":"bibr54-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-L-15-0146"},{"key":"bibr55-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2007.02.011"},{"key":"bibr56-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1329"},{"key":"bibr57-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361316654605"},{"key":"bibr58-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0136)"},{"key":"bibr59-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0300-1"},{"key":"bibr60-2396941519856333","first-page":"1","volume":"0","author":"Tierney C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr61-2396941519856333","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Speech sound disorders in children","author":"Velleman S.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr62-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00887.x"},{"key":"bibr63-2396941519856333","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33294"}],"container-title":["Autism &amp; Developmental Language Impairments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2396941519856333","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2396941519856333","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2396941519856333","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:00:02Z","timestamp":1777399202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2396941519856333"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2396941519856333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2396941519856333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2396-9415","2396-9415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-9415","type":"print"},{"value":"2396-9415","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"article-number":"2396941519856333"}}