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As such, it is important to better understand what type of humor individuals with different neurodevelopmental conditions tend to use. This study investigated the use of four different humor styles, that is, affiliative, self-enhancing (both positive), aggressive, and self-defeating (both negative) humor, in individuals with Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), Down syndrome (DS), and Williams syndrome (WS). Moreover, it investigates the relation of potential differences in humor styles with social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties and strengths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parent-reported questionnaires were used to assess humor styles, social difficulties, and mental health in young individuals (5\u201325 years old) with ASC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200931), DS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200982), or WS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200934).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that autistic individuals are reported to use more self-defeating humor than both individuals with DS and WS, which seems to be related to increased externalizing conduct problems, as well as less affiliative humor which was associated with fewer emotional difficulties, better social cognition, and greater prosocial behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and implications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results are discussed in relation to how humor styles use enhances our understanding of humor in neurodevelopmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23969415261464457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T09:19:29Z","timestamp":1783502369000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Humor Styles in Neurodevelopmental Conditions and Their Links to Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Strengths and Difficulties"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7641-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Treichel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Fribourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1237-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Milosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidistance Suisse"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-6317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Fribourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Van Herwegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Education"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6807-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Fribourg"},{"name":"Unidistance Suisse"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787.x00_Diagnostic_Classification"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0143-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1614-0001\/a000307"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13623613241302533"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5964\/ejop.v10i3.746"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01745","article-title":"Investigating humor in social interaction in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"9","author":"Chadwick D. 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