{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:34:59Z","timestamp":1790422499630,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism is a frequent complication in immobile patients with acute ischemic stroke. This guideline document presents the European Stroke Organisation guidelines for the prophylaxis of VTE in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Guidelines for haemorrhagic stroke have already been published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multidisciplinary group identified related questions and developed its recommendations based on evidence from randomised controlled trials using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. This guideline document was reviewed within the European Stroke Organisation and externally and was approved by the European Stroke Organisation Guidelines Committee and the European Stroke Organisation Executive Committee.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found mainly moderate quality evidence comprising randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews evaluating graduated compression stockings (GCS), intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and prophylactic anticoagulation with unfractionated (UFH) and low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and heparinoids, but no randomised trials evaluating neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NES). We recommend that clinicians should use IPC in immobile patients, but that they should not use GCS. Prophylactic anticoagulation with UFH (5000U \u00d72, or \u00d73 daily) or LMWH or heparinoid should be considered in immobile patients with ischaemic stroke in whom the benefits of reducing the risk of VTE is high enough to offset the increased risks of intracranial and extracranial bleeding associated with their use. Where a judgement has been made that prophylactic anticoagulation is indicated LMWH or heparinoid should be considered instead of UFH because of its greater reduction in risk of DVT, the greater convenience, reduced staff costs and patient comfort associated single vs. multiple daily injections but these advantages should be weighed against the higher risk of extracranial bleeding, higher drug costs and risks in elderly patients with poor renal function associated with LMWH and heparinoids.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IPC, UFH or LMWH and heparinoids can reduce the risk of VTE in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke but further research is required to test whether NES is effective. The strongest evidence is for IPC. Better methods are needed to help stratify patients in the first few weeks after stroke onset, by their risk of VTE and their risk of bleeding on anticoagulants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987316628384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,22]],"date-time":"2016-03-22T03:55:59Z","timestamp":1458618959000},"page":"6-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in immobile patients with acute ischaemic stroke"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Dennis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Caso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Jaap","family":"Kappelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sandercock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"For the European Stroke Organisation","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr1-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12583","article-title":"The European Stroke Organisation Guidelines: a standard operating procedure","volume":"10","author":"Ntaios","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr2-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39493.646875.AE","article-title":"Going from evidence to recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr3-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"Grade: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr4-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/ijs.12309","article-title":"European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr5-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch050","article-title":"Dehydration and venous thromboembolism after acute stroke","volume":"97","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr6-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04486.x","article-title":"The timing, extent, progression and regression of DVT in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS randomized trials","volume":"9","author":"Dennis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thromb Haem"},{"key":"2026012113183954600_bibr7-2396987316628384","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.235945","article-title":"Can clinical features distinguish between immobile patients with stroke at high and low risk of deep vein thrombosis? 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