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In this study, we analyzed individual triggers for HS to provide a basis for HS prevention and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of five databases was conducted until December 2022. Studies on HS-related individual triggers conducted using a case-crossover study or self-controlled case series design were included in the descriptive summary and comprehensive evidence synthesis of each trigger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 39 studies were included after the screening, and 32 trigger factor categories were explored for associations. Potential trigger factors for HS were as follows: Antiplatelet (odd ratio (OR), 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00\u20131.21) and anticoagulant (OR, 5.43; 95% CI, 2.04\u201314.46) medications, mood stabilizers\/antipsychotics (OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.07\u20131.65), infections (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.73\u20132.67), vaccinations (relative risk, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02\u20131.21), physical exertion (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.58\u20132.74), cola consumption (OR, 5.45; 95% CI, 2.76\u201310.76), sexual activity (OR, 7.49; 95% CI, 2.23\u201325.22), nose blowing (OR range, 2.40\u201356.40), defecation (OR, 16.94; 95% CI, 3.40\u201384.37), and anger (OR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.56\u20138.26). No associations were observed with illicit drug use (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 0.52\u20138.06) or cigarette smoking (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.52\u20131.24) and HS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual triggers, including several medications, infections, vaccinations, and behaviors, may trigger HS onset. Direct control measures for behavioral triggers can play a crucial role in preventing HS. High-risk populations should receive personalized therapies and monitoring measures during the medication treatment to balance the risk of acute HS and the basic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873231173285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T02:31:26Z","timestamp":1683599486000},"page":"808-818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Individual trigger factors for hemorrhagic stroke: Evidence from case-crossover and self-controlled case series studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-4068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China 1"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Graduate 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