{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T08:27:56Z","timestamp":1792052876032,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence of effective aphasia rehabilitation is emerging, yet intervention and delivery varies widely. This European Stroke Organisation guideline adhered to the guideline development standard procedures and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The resulting multi-disciplinary, evidence-based recommendations support the delivery of high-quality stroke-related aphasia rehabilitation. The working group identified 10 clinically relevant aphasia rehabilitation questions and rated outcomes\u2019 relevance and importance. Following systematic searching, independent reviewers screened title-abstracts and full-texts for randomised controlled trials of speech-language therapy (SLT) for stroke-related aphasia. Results were profiled using PRISMA. Risk-of-bias was evaluated using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias 1 tool. We prioritised final-value data. Where possible we conducted meta-analyses (RevMan) using random effects and mean, standardised mean differences (functional communication, quality of life, aphasia severity, auditory comprehension and spoken language outcomes) or odds ratios (adverse events). Using GRADE, we judged quality of the evidence (high-to-very low) and ESO recommendation strength (very strong-to-very weak). Where evidence was insufficient to support recommendations, expert opinions were described. Based on low-quality evidence we recommend the provision of higher total SLT dose (\u2a7e20\u2009h) and suggest higher SLT intensity and frequency to improve outcomes in aphasia rehabilitation. Similarly, we suggest the provision of individually-tailored SLT and digital and group therapy delivery models. Very low-level evidence for transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with SLT informed the expert consensus that such interventions should only be provided in the context of high-quality trials. Evidence-based clinical-research priorities to inform SLT aphasia rehabilitation intervention choice and delivery are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873241311025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T08:00:53Z","timestamp":1747900853000},"page":"1189-1220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on aphasia rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-7021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marian C","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3436-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK 2"},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8398-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hege","family":"Prag \u00d8ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Bj\u00f8rnemyr, Norway 4"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Sainte Anne, Paris, France 6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0857-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, Bj\u00f8rnemyr, Norway 4"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fofi","family":"Constantinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology & Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus 7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1475-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnes","family":"Fl\u00f6el","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5940-4400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina S","family":"Sunnerhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden 9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2502-029X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jytte","family":"Isaksen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Research and Knowledge Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 10"},{"name":"Department of Culture and Language, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark 11"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3015-1550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Jagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Speech & Language Studies, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland 12"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-3218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis MT","family":"Jesus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal 13"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1516-9832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Marangolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy 14"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-3947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Meinzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany 8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6156-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ineke","family":"van der Meulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 15"},{"name":"Rijndam Rehabilitation Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 16"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5879-5526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-9631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Care Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK 17"},{"name":"European Stroke Organisation, Basel, Switzerland 18"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1691-8428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salman","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Stroke Organisation, Basel, Switzerland 18"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katerina","family":"Hilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Language and Communication Science Research, City St George\u2019s, University of London, London, UK 19"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr1-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493016654487","article-title":"Let\u2019s call it \u201caphasia\u201d: rationales for eliminating the term \u201cdysphasia\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Worrall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr2-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.09.020","article-title":"Incidence and profile of inpatient stroke-induced aphasia in Ontario, Canada","volume":"91","author":"Dickey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr3-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211065917","article-title":"World Stroke Organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022","volume":"17","author":"Feigin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr4-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.488712","article-title":"Predicting outcome after stroke: the role of aphasia","volume":"33","author":"Gialanella","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr5-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2016.1218436","article-title":"\u201cStruggling to stay connected\u201d: comparing the social relationships of healthy older people and people with stroke and aphasia","volume":"31","author":"Hilari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr6-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2022.2070363","article-title":"Incidence of post-stroke depression symptoms and potential risk factors in adults with aphasia in a comprehensive stroke center","volume":"30","author":"Zanella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr7-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.10.1867","article-title":"Differences in pain medication use in stroke patients with aphasia and without aphasia","volume":"28","author":"Kehayia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr8-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043355","article-title":"Prevalence, trajectory and predictors of post stroke pain","volume":"54","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr9-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1606-437","article-title":"Rehabilitation length of stay in patients suffering from aphasia after stroke","volume":"16","author":"Gialanella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr10-23969873241311025","first-page":"285","article-title":"Return to work after stroke: development of a predictive model","volume":"71","author":"Black-Schaffer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr11-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2009.00349.x","article-title":"Aphasia burden to hospitalised acute stroke patients: need for an early rehabilitation programme","volume":"4","author":"Bersano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr12-23969873241311025","unstructured":"James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnerships. Stroke rehabilitation and long-term care top 10 priorities, https:\/\/www.jla.nihr.ac.uk\/priority-setting-partnerships\/stroke#tab-28581 (2021, accessed 31 December 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr13-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1194899","article-title":"Which outcomes are most important to people with aphasia and their families? An international nominal group technique study framed within the ICF","volume":"39","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr14-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000425.pub4","article-title":"Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke","author":"Brady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr15-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987318808719","article-title":"Action plan for stroke in Europe 2018-2030","volume":"3","author":"Norrving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr16-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/RTLH7522","article-title":"Complex speech-language therapy interventions for stroke-related aphasia: the RELEASE study incorporating a systematic review and individual participant data network meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Social Care Deliv Res"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr17-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr18-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211024143","article-title":"European Stroke Organisation (ESO) standard operating procedure for the preparation and publishing of guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Steiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr19-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr20-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711816","article-title":"Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce","volume":"12","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr21-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Higgins \u00a0JT, Chandler \u00a0J, Cumpston \u00a0M, et al. (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.4, https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook (2023, accessed 7 March 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr22-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr23-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.07.010","article-title":"Effectiveness of speech language therapy either alone or with add-on computer-based language therapy software (Malayalam version) for early post stroke aphasia: a feasibility study","volume":"380","author":"Kesav","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr24-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2021-328422","article-title":"Results of the COMPARE trial of constraint-induced or multimodality aphasia therapy compared with usual care in chronic post-stroke aphasia","volume":"93","author":"Rose","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr25-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00631.x","article-title":"Very early poststroke aphasia therapy: a pilot randomized controlled efficacy trial","volume":"7","author":"Godecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr26-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30067-3","article-title":"Intensive speech and language therapy in patients with chronic aphasia after stroke: a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, controlled trial in a health-care setting","volume":"389","author":"Breitenstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr27-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968316662707","article-title":"Constraint-induced aphasia therapy in the acute stage: what is the key factor for efficacy? A randomized controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Woldag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr28-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.035216","article-title":"Dosage, intensity, and frequency of language therapy for aphasia: a systematic review-based, individual participant data network meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"REhabilitation and recovery of peopLE with Aphasia after StrokE (RELEASE) Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr29-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519864715","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of gradual attention training on language function in patients with post-stroke aphasia: a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr30-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106125","article-title":"The effects of intensity on a phonological treatment for anomia in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"93","author":"Simic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr31-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12018","article-title":"A randomized, rater-blinded, parallel trial of intensive speech therapy in sub-acute post-stroke aphasia: the SP-I-R-IT study","volume":"48","author":"Martins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr32-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507078486","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, parallel group, controlled study of the effect of intensity of speech and language therapy on early recovery from poststroke aphasia","volume":"21","author":"Bakheit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr33-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020961926","article-title":"A randomized control trial of intensive aphasia therapy after acute stroke: the very early rehabilitation for SpEech (VERSE) study","volume":"16","author":"Godecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr34-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1300949","article-title":"Communication and well-being outcomes of a hybrid service delivery model of intensive impairment-based treatment for aphasia in the hospital setting: a pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Wenke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr35-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.023729","article-title":"Augmented dyadic therapy boosts recovery of language function in patients with nonfluent aphasia","volume":"50","author":"Grechuta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr36-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2021.1998882","article-title":"Virtual reality as a new tool for the rehabilitation of post-stroke patients with chronic aphasia: an exploratory study","volume":"37","author":"De Luca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr37-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106158","article-title":"Effects of computer-based therapy versus therapist-mediated therapy in stroke-related aphasia: pilot non-inferiority study","volume":"94","author":"Spaccavento","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr38-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2017.1355440","article-title":"Computer-based treatment of poststroke language disorders: a non-inferiority study of telerehabilitation compared to in-person service delivery","volume":"32","author":"Meltzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr39-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.02312","article-title":"Telerehabilitation combined speech-language and cognitive training effectively promoted recovery in aphasia patients","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr40-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1310\/tsr1706-423","article-title":"Oral reading for language in aphasia (ORLA): evaluating the efficacy of computer-delivered therapy in chronic nonfluent aphasia","volume":"17","author":"Cherney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr41-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215515582074","article-title":"A comparison of remote therapy, face to face therapy and an attention control intervention for people with aphasia: a quasi-randomised controlled feasibility study","volume":"30","author":"Woolf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr42-23969873241311025","unstructured":"National Stroke Foundation. Australian and New Zealand living clinical guidelines for stroke management, https:\/\/app.magicapp.org\/#\/guideline\/Kj2R8j (2023, accessed 29 February 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr43-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for Stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland, Chapter 4, Section 4.43 Aphasia, https:\/\/www.strokeguideline.org\/ (2023, accessed 29 February 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr44-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239715","article-title":"A randomised trial of social support group intervention for people with aphasia: a novel application of virtual reality","volume":"15","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr45-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12679","article-title":"Improvement in language function in patients with aphasia using computer-assisted executive function training: a controlled clinical trial","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM R"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr46-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2404.580","article-title":"Veterans administration cooperative study on aphasia: a comparison of individual and group treatment","volume":"24","author":"Wertz","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr47-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30192-9","article-title":"Self-managed, computerised speech and language therapy for patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke compared with usual care or attention control (Big CACTUS): a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr48-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519896616","article-title":"The effect of augmented speech-language therapy delivered by telerehabilitation on poststroke aphasia-a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"\u00d8ra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr49-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_AJSLP-14-0018","article-title":"Constraint-induced aphasia therapy versus intensive semantic treatment in fluent aphasia","volume":"24","author":"Wilssens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr50-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.7.1621","article-title":"Constraint-induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke","volume":"32","author":"Pulverm\u00fcller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr51-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2015.1071480","article-title":"Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT): a randomised controlled trial in very early stroke rehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"Ciccone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr52-23969873241311025","first-page":"482","article-title":"Clinical application research on collective language strengthened training in rehabilitation nursing of cerebral apoplexy patients with aphasia","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr53-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6263.517","article-title":"Remedial therapy after stroke: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr54-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2019.1571558","article-title":"Efficacy of elaborated semantic features analysis in aphasia: a quasi-randomised controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Efstratiadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr55-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.722402","article-title":"Transcranial direct-current stimulation as an adjunct to verb network strengthening treatment in post-stroke chronic aphasia: a double-blinded randomized feasibility study","volume":"13","author":"Matar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr56-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1049998","article-title":"Combining TMS-EEG with transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment in aphasia","volume":"15","author":"Cipollari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr57-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.2287","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham stimulation to treat aphasia after stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"75","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr58-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030306","article-title":"Extended fMRI-guided anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation targeting perilesional areas in post-stroke aphasia: a pilot randomized clinical trial","volume":"11","author":"Cherney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr59-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2011.05.002","article-title":"Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the right Wernicke\u2019s area improves comprehension in subacute stroke patients","volume":"119","author":"You","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr60-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13337","article-title":"Effect of anodic transcranial direct current stimulation combined with speech language therapy on nonfluent poststroke aphasia","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr61-23969873241311025","first-page":"141","article-title":"Improved picture naming in aphasia patients treated with cathodal tDCS to inhibit the right Broca\u2019s homologue area","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr62-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/2396987320934935","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation as add-on therapy for subacute post-stroke aphasia: a randomized trial (NORTHSTAR)","volume":"5","author":"Zumbansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr63-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww002","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex enhances treatment outcome in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"139","author":"Meinzer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr64-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.020197","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation does not improve language outcome in subacute poststroke aphasia","volume":"49","author":"Spielmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr65-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Turkeltaub \u00a0P.\n           \u00a0Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve post-stroke aphasia, https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT01709383 (2017, accessed 20 March 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr66-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa179","article-title":"Cerebellar neuromodulation improves naming in post-stroke aphasia","volume":"2","author":"Sebastian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr67-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00201","article-title":"Individualized treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia due to stroke","volume":"9","author":"Shah-Basak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr68-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.5114\/ninp.2013.38221","article-title":"No effects of anodal transcranial direct stimulation on language abilities in early rehabilitation of post-stroke aphasic patients","volume":"47","author":"Polanowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr69-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00295","article-title":"Left shifting of language related activity induced by bihemispheric tDCS in postacute aphasia following stroke","volume":"13","author":"Feil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr70-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00269","article-title":"TDCS stimulation segregates words in the brain: evidence from aphasia","volume":"7","author":"Fiori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr71-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3370","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12332","article-title":"Bihemispheric stimulation over left and right inferior frontal region enhances recovery from apraxia of speech in chronic aphasia","volume":"38","author":"Marangolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr72-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2021.100986","article-title":"Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation over the right hemisphere on naming ability in patients with poststroke aphasia: a meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurolinguistics"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr73-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104804","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation for post-stroke aphasia: a network meta-analysis and meta-regression of moderators","volume":"140","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr74-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-230099","article-title":"Long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with speech language therapy (SLT) on post-stroke aphasia patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"53","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr75-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2850","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52874-y","article-title":"Electric field simulation and appropriate electrode positioning for optimized transcranial direct current stimulation of stroke patients: an in silico model","volume":"14","author":"Yoon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr76-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.06.001","article-title":"Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines","volume":"128","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr77-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626780","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.626780","article-title":"A virtual, randomized, control trial of a digital therapeutic for speech, language, and cognitive intervention in post-stroke persons with aphasia","volume":"12","author":"Braley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr78-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.508829","article-title":"The impact of stroke: are people with aphasia different to those without?","volume":"33","author":"Hilari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr79-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031162","article-title":"Predictors of poststroke aphasia recovery: a systematic review-informed individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"REhabilitation and recovery of peopLE with Aphasia after StrokE (RELEASE) Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr80-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1762000","article-title":"Communicating simply, but not too simply: reporting of participants and speech and language interventions for aphasia after stroke","volume":"22","author":"RELEASE Collaboration","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr81-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280310001599961","article-title":"Services for aphasia, other acquired adult neurogenic communication and swallowing disorders in the United Kingdom, 2000","volume":"25","author":"Code","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr82-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/136828200247205","article-title":"A multinational comparison of aphasia management practices","volume":"35","author":"Katz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr83-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/17549500902726059","article-title":"Speech-language pathology services for people with aphasia: a survey of current practice in Australia","volume":"11","author":"Verna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr84-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200096","article-title":"What speech and language therapy do community dwelling stroke survivors with aphasia receive in the uk?","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr85-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.041098","article-title":"Rehabilitation therapy doses are low after stroke and predicted by clinical factors","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr86-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2024.105459","article-title":"Transcranial direct stimulation over left inferior frontal gyrus improves language production and comprehension in post-stroke aphasia: a double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"257","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr87-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221097477","article-title":"Precision rehabilitation for aphasia by patient age, sex, aphasia severity, and time since stroke? A prespecified, systematic review-based, individual participant data, network, subgroup meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Brady","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr88-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12429-7","article-title":"Success rates of intensive aphasia therapy: real-world data from 448 patients between 2003 and 2020","volume":"271","author":"Peitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr89-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2021.1944883","article-title":"Better long-term speech outcomes in stroke survivors who received early clinical speech and language therapy: what\u2019s driving recovery?","volume":"32","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr90-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation","volume":"377","author":"Langhorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr91-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231156753","article-title":"A systematic review and synthesis of global stroke guidelines on behalf of the World Stroke Organization","volume":"18","author":"Mead","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr92-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231161454","article-title":"An updated systematic review of stroke clinical practice guidelines to inform aphasia management","volume":"18","author":"Burton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr93-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Nederlandse Vereniging Voor Logopedie. Uitgangsvragen en aanbevelingen behorende bij de richtlijn Diagnostiek en Behandeling van afasie bij volwassenen [Logopedic guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of aphasia], https:\/\/www.aphasiatrials.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Logopedic_guideline_for_the_diagnosis_and_treatment_of_aphasia.pdf (2015, accessed 9 March 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr94-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Tiensuu \u00a0J, Manninen \u00a0R-L, Lemmetyinen \u00a0S, et al. Afasian kuntoutus \u2013 Hyv\u00e4t puheterapiak\u00e4yt\u00e4nn\u00f6t [Aphasia Rehabilitation \u2013 good speech therapy practices], https:\/\/puheterapeuttiliitto.fi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Afasian-kuntoutus.pdf (2022, accessed 9 March 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr95-23969873241311025","unstructured":"Baumg\u00e4rtner \u00a0A, Saur \u00a0D. Leitlinie Aphasie und Sprechapraxie: Diagnostik und Therapie [Guideline for aphasia and apraxia of speech: diagnosis and therapy], https:\/\/register.awmf.org\/de\/leitlinien\/detail\/030-090 (accessed 9 March 2024)."},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr96-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.02.003","article-title":"Corrigendum to \u201cEvidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): An update (2014-2018)\u201d [Clin. Neurophysiol. 131 (2020) 474-528]","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr97-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018806200","article-title":"A core outcome set for aphasia treatment research: the ROMA consensus statement","volume":"14","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr98-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12840","article-title":"Measuring communication as a core outcome in aphasia trials: Results of the ROMA-2 international core outcome set development meeting","volume":"58","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr99-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2215","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2215","article-title":"Non-adherence in non-inferiority trials: pitfalls and recommendations","volume":"370","author":"Mo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr100-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510063","article-title":"Challenges in the design and interpretation of noninferiority trials","volume":"377","author":"Mauri","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr101-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221131241","article-title":"Establishing reporting standards for participant characteristics in post-stroke aphasia research: an international e-Delphi exercise and consensus meeting","volume":"37","author":"Wallace","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr102-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2017.1417539","article-title":"Top 10 research priorities relating to aphasia following stroke","volume":"32","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070663200_bibr103-23969873241311025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930221096935","article-title":"International research priority setting exercises in stroke: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Leitch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"}],"container-title":["European Stroke Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23969873241311025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23969873241311025","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/1189\/65869765\/23969873241311025.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/1189\/65869765\/23969873241311025.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:08:54Z","timestamp":1769026134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article\/10\/4\/1189\/8377346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969873241311025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2396-9873","2396-9881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-9873","type":"print"},{"value":"2396-9881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}