{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:38Z","timestamp":1792790438099,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Visual impairment due to stroke is common. However, controversy exists on how best to screen for visual impairment, the timing at which to screen, and on the optimal management of the varying types of visual impairment. This European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline provides evidence-based recommendations to assist clinicians in decision-making on screening methods, timing of screening and assessment and management options in adult stroke survivors. The target audience for this guideline is health care providers involved in stroke care from prehospital screening, in stroke units and rehabilitation centres, ophthalmological departments and community stroke care, and for stroke survivors and care givers. The guideline was developed according to the ESO standard operating procedure and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. The working group identified relevant clinical questions, performed systematic reviews and, where possible, meta-analyses of the literature, assessed the quality of the available evidence and made specific recommendations. Expert consensus statements were provided where insufficient evidence was available to provide recommendations based on the GRADE approach. We found evidence of acceptability and feasibility of early visual screening within 1\u2009week of stroke onset. We describe the accuracy of various vision screening tools at pre-hospital and hyper\/acute stages as well as specialist vision assessment. We suggest vision screening in all patients with stroke to improve detection of their visual problems We describe a range of treatment options for visual impairment post-stroke across the typical categories of impaired central vision, ocular stroke (central retinal artery occlusion), eye movements, visual fields, visual neglect and visual perception. This guideline highlights specific areas where robust evidence is lacking and where further definitive randomised controlled trials and diagnostic accuracy studies are required.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873251314693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T08:00:57Z","timestamp":1747900857000},"page":"1087-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on visual impairment in stroke"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9210-9131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona J","family":"Rowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-9815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren R","family":"Hepworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Bego\u00f1a Coco-Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6686-7262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celine R","family":"Gillebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Brain and Cognition, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Leal-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Dermatology and Toxicology, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain 2"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4062-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Palmowski-Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Eye Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5262-4862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen James","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6878-3623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Skorkovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Orthoptics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic 7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne Hege","family":"Aamodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway 6"},{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway 8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr1-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1859631","article-title":"Impact of visual impairment following stroke (IVIS study): a prospective clinical profile of central and peripheral visual deficits, eye movement abnormalities and visual perceptual deficits","volume":"44","author":"Rowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr2-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213035","article-title":"High incidence and prevalence of visual problems after acute stroke: an epidemiology study with implications for service delivery","volume":"14","author":"Rowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr3-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.28793","article-title":"Assessment of visual problems after acquired brain injury: a survey of current practice in Danish hospitals","volume":"56","author":"Schow","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr4-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.12.035","article-title":"Care provision for post-stroke visual impairment","volume":"24","author":"Rowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr5-23969873251314693","article-title":"European Stroke Organisation (ESO) standard operating procedure for the preparation and publishing of guidelines","volume":"9","author":"Steiner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr6-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.09.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr7-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2016.1231846","article-title":"Screening methods for post-stroke visual impairment: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr8-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15381","article-title":"Rapid screening for neglect following stroke: a systematic search and European Academy of Neurology recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr9-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912626","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.912626","article-title":"Computer-based assessment of unilateral spatial neglect: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Giannakou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr10-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1113187","article-title":"Virtual reality treatment and assessmet for post-stroke unilateral spatial neglect: a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Ogourtsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr11-23969873251314693","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-stroke visual impairment: a systematic literature review of types and recovery of visual conditions","volume":"5","author":"Hepworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Res"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr12-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/01658107.2017.1279640","article-title":"Health inequalities associated with post-stroke visual impairment in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro-Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr13-23969873251314693","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual impairment following stroke \u2013 the impact on quality of life: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Hepworth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Res"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr14-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for acute non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr15-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for age-related visual problems in patients with stroke","volume":"2012","author":"Pollock","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr16-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for disorders of eye movements in patients with stroke","volume":"2011","author":"Pollock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr17-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr18-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for visual field defects in people with stroke","volume":"5","author":"Pollock","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr19-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.682","article-title":"The treatment method for post-stroke visual impairment: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr20-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for perceptual disorders following stroke","volume":"11","author":"Hazelton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr21-23969873251314693","article-title":"Non-pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non-progressive brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Longley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr22-23969873251314693","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for unilateral spatial neglect after stroke","volume":"2015","author":"Luvizutto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr23-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1824026","article-title":"Current trends in the treatment of patients with post-stroke unilateral spatial neglect: a scoping review","volume":"44","author":"Umeonwuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr24-23969873251314693","unstructured":"Higgins \u00a0JPT, Thomas \u00a0J, Chandler \u00a0J, et al. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.4 (updated August 2023). Cochrane, 2023. Accessed February 23, 2025. https:\/\/training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr25-23969873251314693","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr26-23969873251314693","unstructured":"GRADEpro GDT. GRADEpro guideline development tool [Software]. McMaster University and Evidence Prime. Accessed February 23, 2025. https:\/\/methods.cochrane.org\/gradeing\/gradepro-gdt"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr27-23969873251314693","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann \u00a0H, Bro\u017cek \u00a0J, Guyatt \u00a0G, et al. GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group, 2013. Accessed February 23, 2025. https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/handbook"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr28-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr29-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105759","article-title":"\"Eye\" don't see: An analysis of visual symptom reporting by stroke survivors from a large epidemiology study","volume":"36","author":"Hepworth","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr30-23969873251314693","unstructured":"Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. National clinical guideline for stroke for the UK and Ireland, 2023. www.strokeguideline.org\/"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr31-23969873251314693","unstructured":"National Institute for Heatlh and Care Excellence. Stroke rehabilitation in adults, 2023. www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng236"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr32-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.015169","article-title":"BE-FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time): reducing the proportion of strokes missed using the FAST mneumonic","volume":"48","author":"Aroor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr33-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.12968\/jpar.2020.12.8.324","article-title":"Development of V-FAST: a vision screening tool for ambulance staff","volume":"12","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Paramed Pract"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr34-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315585355","article-title":"Clinical and psychometric evaluations of the Cerebral Vision Screening Questionnaire in 461 nonaphasic individuals poststroke","volume":"30","author":"Neumann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr35-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033639","article-title":"Vision Screening Assessment (VISA) tool: diagnostic accuracy validation of a novel screening tool in detecting visual impairment among stroke survivors","volume":"10","author":"Rowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr36-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00146","article-title":"Accuracy and feasibility of an android-based digital assessment tool for post stroke visual disorders \u2013 the StrokeVision app","volume":"9","author":"Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr37-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757431","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.757431","article-title":"Vision and visuomotor performance followng acute ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Wijesundera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr38-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020562","article-title":"Visual Impairment Screening Assessment (VISA) tool: pilot validation","volume":"8","author":"Rowe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr39-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1080\/10376178.2022.2104334","article-title":"Validation of a vision-screening tool for use by nurses and other non-eye care health practitioners on stroke survivors","volume":"58","author":"Courtney-Harris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp Nurse"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr40-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.11.002","article-title":"Prose reading in neglect","volume":"84","author":"Beschin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr41-23969873251314693","first-page":"128","article-title":"Prevalence of vision disorders after stroke: A pilot study to identify the visual needs of stroke patients","volume":"4","author":"Benshir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optometry & Visual Performance"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr42-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1179\/1074935715Z.00000000065","article-title":"Review of experience with a collaborative eye care clinic in inpatient stroke rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Herron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr43-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.179290","article-title":"Ocular disorders in stroke patients in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Olubor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr44-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.771","article-title":"Vision in stroke cohort: profile overview of visual impairment","volume":"7","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr45-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12998","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of unilateral spatial neglect in stroke unit","volume":"138","author":"Puig-Pijoan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr46-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-019-01131-7","article-title":"Ocular manifestations in patients with cerebrovascular accidents in India: a cross-sectional observational study","volume":"39","author":"Dadia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr47-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci9120374","article-title":"Spatial neglect in stroke: identification, disease process and association with outcome during inpatient rehabilitation","volume":"9","author":"Hammerbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr48-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.31288\/oftalmolzh202055661","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmological abnormalities in patients with ischemic stroke in the setting of a stroke center of a university clinic","volume":"2020","author":"Muratova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oftalmol Zhurnal"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr49-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00705","article-title":"Acquired visual deficits independent of lesion site in acute stroke","volume":"11","author":"Wijesundera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr50-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000864","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic features and outcomes of thalamic infarction: a single-institutional 10-year experience","volume":"41","author":"Moon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr51-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2019.1702918","article-title":"Detailed vision screening results from a cohort of individuals with aphasia","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr52-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161376","article-title":"An interdisciplinary visual team in an acute and sub-acute stroke unit: providing assessment and early rehabilitation","volume":"39","author":"Norup","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr53-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12807","article-title":"Prehospital pathways of occipital stroke patients with mainly visual symptoms","volume":"137","author":"R\u00e4ty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr54-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/09273972.2017.1349812","article-title":"International practice in care provision for post-stroke visual impairment","volume":"25","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Strabismus"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr55-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33151\/ajp.17.784","article-title":"The prehospital ambulance stroke test vs. The cincinnati prehospital stroke scale: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"17","author":"Karimi","journal-title":"Australas J Paramed"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr56-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0695-z","article-title":"Development of a new stroke scale in an emergency setting","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr57-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2218","article-title":"Visual dysfunction is underestimated in patients with acquired brain injury","volume":"49","author":"Berthold-Lindstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr58-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1792985","article-title":"Visual profile of acquired brain injury in Indian cohort: a retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Ambika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr59-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13232","article-title":"Vision-related quality of life in patients with occipital stroke","volume":"141","author":"Tharaldsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr60-23969873251314693","first-page":"1703806","article-title":"Ocular manifestations, visual field pattern and visual field test performance in traumatic brain injury and stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr61-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_440_22","article-title":"Visual morbidity in stroke survivors: a pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Nedumgattil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr62-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190943608.003.0014","volume-title":"Functional neuroanatomy and clinical neuroscience: foundations for understanding disorders of cognition and behavior","author":"Uysal","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr63-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002141","article-title":"Stroke risk stratification in acute dizziness presentations","volume":"85","author":"Kerber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr64-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-017-0860-1","article-title":"Eye movement abnormalities in middle cerebellar peduncle strokes","volume":"119","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr65-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20180154","article-title":"Evaluation of vestibular and oculomotor functions in individuals with dizziness after stroke","volume":"77","author":"Pimentel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr66-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6620","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1970246","article-title":"Visual perceptual deficit screening in stroke survivors: evaluation of current practice in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland","volume":"44","author":"Colwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr67-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1177\/0308022617703240","article-title":"Persistent visual perceptual disorders after stroke: associated factors","volume":"80","author":"Prince","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Occup Ther"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr68-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262886","article-title":"Mid-range visual deficits after stroke: prevalence and co-occurrence","volume":"17","author":"Lammers","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr69-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2022.2147487","article-title":"Mid-range visual functions in relation to higher-order visual functions after stroke","volume":"44","author":"van den Berg","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr70-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00563","article-title":"The mobility assessment course for the diagnosis of spatial neglect: taking a step forward?","volume":"8","author":"Grech","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr71-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1324562","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of visual neglect: the Mobility Assessment Course as a diagnostic tool","volume":"40","author":"Ten Brink","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr72-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-319668","article-title":"When neglect is neglected: NIHSS observational measure lacks sensitivity in identifying post-stroke unilateral neglect","volume":"90","author":"Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr73-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12172","article-title":"Simulated driving: the added value of dynamic testing in the assessment of visuo-spatial neglect after stroke","volume":"14","author":"Spreij","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr74-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.021","article-title":"Eyetracking during free visual exploration detects neglect more reliably than paper-pencil tests","volume":"129","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr75-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136461","article-title":"Development of stimulus-driven attention test for unilateral spatial neglect \u2013 accuracy, reliability, and validity","volume":"772","author":"Motomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr76-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.05.006","article-title":"Validation of a new test for early assessment of unilateral neglect in acute stroke: the Rapid Unilateral Neglect Screening (RUNS) test","volume":"64","author":"Bieth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr77-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.01.026","article-title":"Diagnostic validity of line bisection in the acute phase of stroke","volume":"82","author":"Sperber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr78-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12118","article-title":"Temporal order judgements as a sensitive measure of the spatial bias in patients with visuospatial neglect","volume":"12","author":"Van der Stigchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr79-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13221","article-title":"The presence and prediction of lateralized inattention 7 years post-stroke","volume":"141","author":"Gerafi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr80-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001710","article-title":"How we assess spatial neglect matters: prevalence of spatial neflect as measured by the Catherine Bergego Scale and impact on rehabilitation outcomes","volume":"100","author":"Gillen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr81-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2000.101003195.x","article-title":"Visual neglect as a predictor of functional outcome one year after stroke","volume":"101","author":"Jehkonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr82-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000041","article-title":"Non-spatial impairments affect false-positive neglect diagnosis based on cancellation tasks","volume":"26","author":"Huygeleir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr83-23969873251314693","article-title":"The effects of compensatory scanning training on mobility in patients with homonymous visual field defects: further support, predictive variables and follow-up","volume":"11","author":"de Haan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr84-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12725","article-title":"A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of prism glasses, visual search training and standard care in hemianopia","volume":"136","author":"Rowe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr85-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-172377","article-title":"Hemianopia after stroke: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of a standardised versus an individualized rehabilitation program, on scanning ability whilst walking","volume":"43","author":"Crotty","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr86-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2020.1716531","article-title":"Cognitive training in an everyday-like virtual reality enhances visual-spatial memory capacities in stroke survivors with visual field defects","volume":"27","author":"Dehn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr87-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00092","article-title":"Visual rehabilitation in chronic cerebral blindness: a randomized controlled crossover study","volume":"7","author":"Elshout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr88-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00681","article-title":"Segregation of spontaneous and training induced recovery from visual field defects in subacute stroke patients","volume":"8","author":"Bergsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr89-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003921","article-title":"Visual discrimination training improves Humphrey perimetry in chronic cortically induced blindness","volume":"88","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr90-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.11.020","article-title":"Efficacy of visual retraining in the hemianopic field after stroke: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"128","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr91-23969873251314693","first-page":"199","article-title":"Navigated perilesional transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve post-stroke visual field defect: a double-blind sham-controlled study","volume":"39","author":"El Nahas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr92-23969873251314693","first-page":"221","article-title":"Non-invasive electrical brain stimulation for vision restoration after stroke: an exploratory randomized trial (REVIS)","volume":"39","author":"R\u00e4ty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr93-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2019.12.005","article-title":"Efficacy and predictors of recovery of function after eye movement training in 296 hemianopic patients","volume":"125","author":"Sahraie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr94-23969873251314693","article-title":"The clinical effectiveness of Eye-Search therapy for patients with hemianopia, neglect or hemianopia and neglect","author":"Szalados","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr95-23969873251314693","unstructured":"British and Irish Orthoptic Society. Stroke and Neuro Rehabilitation, https:\/\/www.orthoptics.org.uk\/resources\/clinical-advisory-group\/stroke-and-neuro-rehabilitation\/ (2024, accessed 23 February 2025)."},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr96-23969873251314693","author":"Rowe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Visual scanning training for loss of vision in half the visual field (hemianopia) \u2013 SEARCH trial. ISRCTN registry"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr97-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198114","article-title":"Intravenous thrombolysis in acute central retinal artery occlusion \u2013 a prospective interventional case series","volume":"13","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr98-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01617-8","article-title":"Hyperbaric oxygen treatment for non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion retrospective comparative analysis from two tertiary medical centres","volume":"36","author":"Rozenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr99-23969873251314693","first-page":"1279","article-title":"Retinal infarction: a pilot study on the efficacy and safety of intravenous thrombolysis and underlying aetiologies","volume":"12","author":"Sch\u00f6necker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr100-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11439-7","article-title":"Thrombolysis in central retinal artery occlusion: a retrospective observational study","volume":"270","author":"Raber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr101-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028743","article-title":"Intravenous fibrinolysis for central retinal artery occlusion: a cohort study and updated patient-level meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Mac Grory","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr102-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001014","article-title":"Intravenous lipo-prostaglandin E1 administration for patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"7","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr103-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930231189352","article-title":"Thrombolysis for central retinal artery occlusion: an individual participant-level meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Shahjouei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr104-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02217-w","article-title":"A multi-centre prospective evaluation of THEIA\u2122 to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular oedema (DMO) in the New Zealand screening program","volume":"37","author":"Vaghefi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr105-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241248516","article-title":"Early REperfusion therapy with intravenous alteplase for recovery of VISION in acute central retinal artery occlusion (REVISION): study protocol of a phase III trial","volume":"19","author":"Poli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr106-23969873251314693","author":"Aamodt","year":"2024","journal-title":"TENecteplase in central retinal artery occlusion study (TenCRAOS)"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr107-23969873251314693","first-page":"21","article-title":"The five senses: a patient preference-based comparative analysis","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Res Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr108-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.3537","article-title":"Evaluating whether sight is the most valued sense","volume":"137","author":"Enoch","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr109-23969873251314693","article-title":"The orthoptist\u2019s role in the management of stroke patients","author":"Freeman","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr110-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/29.3.221","article-title":"Correctable visual impairment in stroke rehabilitation patients","volume":"29","author":"Lotery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr111-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-022-02843-7","article-title":"Effects of visual scanning exercises in addition to task specific approach on balance and activities of daily livings in post stroke patients with eye movement disorders: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Batool","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr112-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1858495","article-title":"Vision therapy as part of neurorehabilitation after acquired brain injury \u2013 a clinical study in an outpatient setting","volume":"35","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr113-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-161324","article-title":"Evaluation of a four month rehabilitation program for stroke patients with balance problems and binocular visual dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"Schow","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr114-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313516870","article-title":"Perceptual relearning of binocular fusion and stereoacuity after brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Schaadt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr115-23969873251314693","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus","volume":"3","author":"Bort-Mart\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr116-23969873251314693","article-title":"Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Scheiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr117-23969873251314693","article-title":"Surgical interventions for vertical strabismus in superior oblique palsy","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr118-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/2576117X.2017.1418459","article-title":"The non-surgical management of ophthalmoplegia","volume":"68","author":"Arnoldi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr119-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313517757","article-title":"Smooth pursuit \u201cbedside\u201d training reduces disability and unawareness during the activities of daily living in neglect: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Kerkhoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr120-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000773","article-title":"Mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke (MUST trial): a randomized controlled trial","volume":"83","author":"Pandian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr121-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006059","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial on hemifield eye patching and optokinetic stimulation in acute spatial neglect","volume":"45","author":"Machner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr122-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968314526306","article-title":"The effect of visual scanning exercises integrated into physiotherapy in patients with unilateral spatial neglect poststroke: a matched-pair randomized control trial","volume":"28","author":"Van Wyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr123-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2015.93","article-title":"Combination treatment in the rehabilitation of visuo-spatial neglect","volume":"28","author":"Aparicio-L\u00f3pez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psicotherma"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr124-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.4.611","article-title":"The effect of an upper limb rehabilitation robot on hemispatial neglect in stroke patients","volume":"40","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr125-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.08.1541","article-title":"Comparison of different stimulation parameters of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for unilateral spatial neglect in stroke patients","volume":"359","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr126-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.28.2572","article-title":"Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on visual perception function and performance capability of activities of daily living in stroke patients","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr127-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2016.40.2.223","article-title":"The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on neglect syndrome in stroke patients","volume":"40","author":"Yi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr128-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rh.2017.04.004","article-title":"Can spontaneous neurological recovery of visuospatial neglect be maximised in patients with a right hemispheric stroke?","volume":"51","author":"Aparicio-L\u00f3pez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rehabilitacion"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr129-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317744277","article-title":"Prism adaptation in rehabilitation? No additional effects of prism adaptation on neglect recovery in the subacute phase post-stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Ten Brink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr130-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2018.42.6.788","article-title":"Effect of combined therapy of robot and low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on hemispatial neglect in stroke patients","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr131-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2301","article-title":"Kinaesthetic ability training improves unilateral neflect and functional outcome in patients with stroke: a randomized control trial","volume":"50","author":"Kutlay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr132-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.03.028","article-title":"Adding methylphenidate to prism-adaptation improves outcome in neglect patients. A randomized clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"Luaut\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr133-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968318807054","article-title":"Adaptive cueing treatment of neglect in stroke patients leads to improvement in activities of daily living: a randomized controlled, crossover trial","volume":"32","author":"Turgut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr134-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2019.10.5.02","article-title":"The effect of a complex intervention program for unilateral neglect in patients with acute-phase stroke: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr135-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215519865993","article-title":"Effects of a robot intervention on visuospatial hemineglect in postacute stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Karner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr136-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz029","article-title":"Theta burst stimulation in neglect after stroke: functional outcome and response variability origins","volume":"142","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr137-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2016.1273119","article-title":"Efficacy of home-based visuomotor feedback training in stroke patients with chronic hemispatial neglect","volume":"29","author":"Rossit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr138-23969873251314693","first-page":"29","article-title":"An observation on the curative effects of rehabilitation intervention of adjuvant horticultural therapy for the treatment of stroke-induced unilateral spatial neglect","volume":"35","author":"Wen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med Mediterr"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr139-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-192951","article-title":"Neuronavigated 1 Hz rTMS of the left angular gyrus combined with visuospatial therapy in post-stroke neglect","volume":"46","author":"Iwanski","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr140-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25862","article-title":"Alertness training improves spatial bias and functional ability in spatial neglect","volume":"88","author":"Van Vleet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr141-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1779754","article-title":"Multisensory stimulation for the rehabilitation of unilateral spatial neglect","volume":"31","author":"Zigiotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr142-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691444","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.691444","article-title":"Robot-assisted arm training in stroke individuals with unilateral spatial neglect: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr143-23969873251314693","article-title":"Application of digital practice to improve head movement, visual perception and activities of daily living for subacute stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect: preliminary results of a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr144-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.03.037","article-title":"Congruent movement training as a rehabilitation method to ameliorate symptoms of neglect\u2013proof of concept","volume":"142","author":"Elshout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr145-23969873251314693","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of robot-assisted left-hand training on hemispatial neglect in older patients with chronic stroke: a pilot and randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr146-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030347","article-title":"Effect of prism adaptation therapy on the activities of daily living and awareness for spatial neglect: a secondary analysis of the randomized, controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Mizuno","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sciences"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr147-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1767161","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation in Stroke patients (NIBS): a prospective randomized open blinded end-point (PROBE) feasibility trial using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in post-stroke hemispatial neglect","volume":"31","author":"Learmonth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr148-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245425","article-title":"Prism adaptation treatment to address spatial neglect in an intensive rehabilitation program: a randomized pilot and feasibility trial","volume":"16","author":"Vilimovsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr149-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13479","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013479","article-title":"A complex intervention integrating prism adaptation and neck vibration for unilateral neglect in patients of chronic stroke: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr150-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26430","article-title":"Non-invasive brain stimulation can reduce unilateral spatial neglect after stroke: ELECTRON trial","volume":"92","author":"da Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr151-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13010003","article-title":"The effect of mirror visual feedback on spatial neglect for patients after stroke: a preliminary randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr152-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2022.2061353","article-title":"The influence of clinical characteristics on prism adaptation training in visuospatial neglect: a post-hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Scheffels","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr153-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210233","article-title":"Comparing the effectiveness of bimanual and unimanual mirror therapy in unilateral neglect after stroke: a pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Sim","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr154-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2022.2131582","article-title":"Clinical and demographic predictors of unilateral spatial neglect recovery after prism therapy among stroke survivors in the sub-acute phase of recovery","volume":"33","author":"Umeonwuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr155-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2022.101713","article-title":"Combined optokinetic stimulation and cueing-assisted reading therapy to treat hemispatial neglect: a randomized controlled crossover trial","volume":"66","author":"Bode","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr156-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1177\/02692155221134060","article-title":"A study of prisms and therapy in attention loss after stroke (SPATIAL): a feasibility randomised controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Longley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr157-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9200-5","article-title":"Integrity of medial temporal structures may predict better improvement of spatial neglect with prism adaptation treatment","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr158-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968313516872","article-title":"Presence of motor-intentional aiming deficit predicts functional improvement of spatial neglect with prism adaptation","volume":"28","author":"Goedert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr159-23969873251314693","unstructured":"Grattan \u00a0ES\n          . Examining the effects of a repetitive task practice program among individuals with unilateral spatial neglect. University of Pittsburgh, 2014. Accessed February 23, 2025. https:\/\/d-scholarship.pitt.edu\/21167\/1\/GrattanES_ETD.pdf."},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr160-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/10749357.2018.1437937","article-title":"The feasibility and effectiveness of using prism adaptation to treat motor and spatial dysfunction in stroke survivors with multiple incidents of stroke","volume":"25","author":"Hreha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Top Stroke Rehabil"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr161-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803312","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.803312","article-title":"Prism adaptation treatment of spatial neglect: Feasibility during inpatient rehabilitation and identification of patients most likely to benefit","volume":"13","author":"Gillen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr162-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10102009","article-title":"Prism adaptation treatment predicts improved rehabilitation responses in stroke patients with spatial neglect","volume":"10","author":"Vilimovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr163-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120297","article-title":"Detection of post-stroke visual field loss by quantification of the retrogeniculate visual pathway","volume":"439","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr164-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.2577","article-title":"The effects of a Korean computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on cognitive function and visual perception ability of patients with acute stroke","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr165-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.1036","article-title":"The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on depression, visual perception, and activities of daily living in stroke patients","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr166-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19063186","article-title":"The effect of task-orientated training on upper-limb function, visual perception and activities of daily living in acute stroke patients: a pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr167-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02246","article-title":"Why is there so much more research on vision than on any other sensory modality","volume":"10","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr168-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12050","article-title":"Visual impairment in stroke patients \u2013 a review","volume":"127","author":"Sand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr169-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.18.6.1081","article-title":"Motor and perceptual impairments in acute stroke patients: effects on self-care ability","volume":"18","author":"Bernsp\u00e5ng","year":"1987","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr170-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312454683","article-title":"Recovery from poststroke visual impairment: evidence from a clinical trials resource","volume":"27","author":"Ali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr171-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.12.011","article-title":"Anosognosia, neglect, extinction and lesion site predict impairment of daily living after right-hemispheric stroke","volume":"49","author":"Vossel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr172-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00519-1","article-title":"Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: current status and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Tsivgoulis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"2026012115070534900_bibr173-23969873251314693","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056792","article-title":"Development of core outcome sets and core outcome measures for central visual impairment, visual field loss and ocular motility disorders due to stroke: a Delphi and consensus study","volume":"12","author":"Rowe","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["European Stroke Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/23969873251314693","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/23969873251314693","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/1087\/65869829\/23969873251314693.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article-pdf\/10\/4\/1087\/65869829\/23969873251314693.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:09:04Z","timestamp":1769026144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/esj\/article\/10\/4\/1087\/8377220"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23969873251314693","relation":{},"ISSN":["2396-9873","2396-9881"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2396-9873","type":"print"},{"value":"2396-9881","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}