{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:50:57Z","timestamp":1794005457093,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023401","name":"european stroke organisation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023401","name":"european stroke organisation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023401","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Motor rehabilitation aims to help people after stroke to gain optimal motor functioning, independence and quality of life. This European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline provides updated, evidence-based support for clinical practice in six agreed critical areas: dose for upper limb and gait therapy, high-intensity gait training, effect of therapy transfer package, group versus individual therapy and sit-to-stand training. The guideline was developed according to ESO standard operating procedures and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Expert consensus statements are provided where a GRADE recommendation cannot be made due to insufficient evidence. For therapy dose, very low quality evidence supports a weak recommendation to provide an additional minimal dose of 20\u2009h of repetitive upper limb practice to improve arm capacity. For gait, expert consensus suggests that an additional minimal dose of 20\u2009h of walking practice could be beneficial for walking capacity. For high-intensity gait training, moderate quality evidence supports a strong recommendation for high-intensity gait training to improve walking endurance in people with chronic stroke and stable cardiovascular status, while low quality evidence supports a weak recommendation for improving walking speed. An expert consensus suggests using a transfer package when providing upper limb task-specific training to enhance transfer to daily life. For group therapy, a weak recommendation based on very low quality evidence suggests that task-specific group-based therapy is non-inferior to individual therapy for improving balance, gait speed and walking endurance. A weak recommendation based on moderate quality evidence suggests additional sit-to-stand training to improve balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873251338142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T08:00:21Z","timestamp":1747900821000},"page":"1160-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guideline on motor rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margit","family":"Alt Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 1"},{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden 2"},{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 3"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6001-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Munoz-Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden 1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3449-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Heremans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium 4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4008-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meret","family":"Branscheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, and Cereneo Center for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland 5"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-2494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Cabanas-Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 6"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan T","family":"Engelter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 7"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4210-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Kruuse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Neuroinjury and Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark 8"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-4043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert","family":"Kwakkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA 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NeuroImaging Center Inserm UMR1214, CHU Purpan, Toulouse cedex 9, France 14"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, CHU Purpan, Toulouse cedex 9, France 15"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3158-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Science, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 16"},{"name":"Stroke Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK 17"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7297-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Podlasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Stroke Organisation, Basel, Switzerland 18"},{"name":"Image Guided Therapy Research 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M","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Comprehensive Stroke Rehabilitation and Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India 20"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher education, Manipal, India 21"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9404-1959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cathy","family":"Stinear","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Waipapa Taumata Rau University of Auckland, Aotearoa, New Zealand 23"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3771-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium 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