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Cocaine and amphetamine are modern cases of drugs initially enthusiastically acclaimed for enhancing cognition and mood. Today, an increasing number of healthy people are reported to use cognitive-enhancing drugs, as well as other interventions, such as non-invasive brain stimulation, to maintain or improve work performance. Cognitive-enhancing drugs, such as methylphenidate and modafinil, which were developed as treatments, are increasingly being used by healthy people. Modafinil not only affects \u2018cold\u2019 cognition, but also improves \u2018hot\u2019 cognition, such as emotion recognition and task-related motivation. The lifestyle use of \u2018smart drugs\u2019 raises both safety concerns as well as ethical issues, including coercion and increasing disparity in society. 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