{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:49:35Z","timestamp":1786391375529,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021570","name":"Ministerie van Defensie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chronic Stress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p> Although current treatments for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in war veterans are effective, unfortunately 30\u201350% still do not benefit from these treatments. Trauma-focused therapies, eg exposure therapy, are primarily based on extinction processes in which the endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays a significant role. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that poor treatment response on trauma-focused therapy due to extinction deficits may be associated with a poorly functioning ECS. The present study examined whether the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) are associated with post-treatment symptom reduction. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p> Blood plasma levels of AEA and 2-AG were determined in war veterans with a PTSD diagnosis ( n\u2009=\u200954) and combat controls ( n\u2009=\u200926) before and after a 6\u20138 month interval. During this period veterans with PTSD received trauma-focused therapy (eg cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure or eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing). Clinical symptoms were assessed before and after therapy with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p> Regression analysis demonstrated that pretreatment endocannabinoid levels were not predictive of PTSD symptom reduction. Additionally, baseline endocannabinoid levels did not differ between either PTSD and combat controls or between combat controls, treatment responders, and non-responders. Only cortisol levels significantly decreased over time from pre- to posttreatment ( p\u2009=\u2009.041). Endocannabinoid levels were significantly lower in individuals who reported cannabis use during their lifetime, independent of PTSD diagnosis. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that pretreatment 2-AG levels in PTSD were positively correlated with anxious arousal ( r\u2009 =\u2009.354, p\u2009=\u2009.015) and negatively with avoidance symptoms ( r\u2009 =\u2009 -.271, p\u2009=\u2009.048). Both posttreatment AEA and 2-AG were positively correlated with trait anxiety (AEA r\u2009 =\u2009.459, p\u2009=\u2009.003; 2-AG r\u2009 =\u2009.423, p\u2009=\u2009.006), anxious arousal (AEA r\u2009 =\u2009.351, p\u2009=\u2009.024; 2-AG r\u2009 =\u2009.311, p\u2009=\u2009.048) and general distress depression symptoms (AEA r\u2009 =\u2009.414, p\u2009=\u2009.007; 2-AG r\u2009 =\u2009.374, p\u2009=\u2009.016). <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p> Since endocannabinoids are mainly generated \u2018on demand\u2019, future work could benefit by investigating endocannabinoid circulation under both baseline and stressful conditions. In line with previous research cannabis use was associated with lower endocannabinoid levels. The correlation analysis between pre- and posttreatment endocannabinoid levels and pre- and posttreatment clinical symptomatology were exploratory analysis and should be replicated in future research. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470221107290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T15:31:04Z","timestamp":1654788664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Role of the Endocannabinoids 2-AG and Anandamide in Clinical Symptoms and Treatment Outcome in Veterans with PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8605-0863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.A.","family":"Leen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department 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Helmholtz Institute, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3479-2379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Geuze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Brain Research and Innovation Center, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-24705470221107290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr2-24705470221107290","first-page":"58","volume":"3","author":"Eekhout 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