{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T12:13:23Z","timestamp":1778760803905,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Describe a technique for the description and classification of laryngotracheal stenosis in children using 3\u2010dimensional reconstructions of the airway from computed tomography (CT) scans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Academic tertiary care children\u2019s hospital.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Subjects and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional models of the subglottic airway lumen were created using CT scans from 54 children undergoing imaging for indications other than airway disease. The base lumen models were deformed in software to simulate subglottic airway segments with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% stenoses for each subject. Statistical analysis of the airway geometry was performed using metrics extracted from the lumen centerlines. The centerline analysis was used to develop a system for subglottic stenosis assessment and classification from patient\u2010specific airway imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The scaled hydraulic diameter gradient metric derived from intersectional changes in the lumen can be used to accurately classify and quantitate subglottic stenosis in the airway based on CT scan imaging. Classification is most accurate in the clinically relevant 25% to 75% range of stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laryngotracheal stenosis is a complex diagnosis requiring an understanding of the airway lumen configuration, anatomical distortions of the airway framework, and alterations of respiratory aerodynamics. Using image\u2010based airway models, we have developed a metric that accurately captures subglottis patency. While not intended to replace endoscopic evaluation and existing staging systems for laryngotracheal stenosis, further development of these techniques will facilitate future studies of upper airway computational fluid dynamics and the clinical evaluation of airway disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974x17753583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T20:08:17Z","timestamp":1517256497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Image\u2010Based 3\u2010Dimensional Characterization of Laryngotracheal Stenosis in Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Lee S.","family":"McDaniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Poynot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Gonthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical &amp; Industrial Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"and Tyler W.","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2002.806409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-013-0956-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"5149","article-title":"An automatic and fast centerline extraction algorithm for virtual colonoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Jiang G","year":"2005","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Primer of Biostatistics","author":"Glantz S","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894081170S901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13535-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348949410300410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2009.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829308959627"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00746.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816687751"}],"container-title":["OTO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2473974X17753583","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2473974X17753583","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2473974X17753583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:11:55Z","timestamp":1760962315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2473974X17753583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2473974X17753583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2473974x17753583","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-974X","2473-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"article-number":"2473974X17753583"}}