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Advancements in 3\u2010dimensional (3D) printing have enabled the construction of complex microscopic models. Otoendoscopy provides excellent visualization and has been shown to enhance anatomic learning. Our aim was to develop a 3D model of the middle ear and external auditory canal using computed tomography images of a pediatric temporal bone for use with otoendoscopes. Resulting models are life sized, anatomically accurate, and allow for identification of relevant middle ear structures. Forty\u2010six trainees were recruited for a pilot study and randomized to study using the model or standard resources. There were no differences in pretest, posttest, or 1\u2010week posttest performance between groups; however, trainees assigned to the model reported higher prospective interest, satisfaction, and subjective improvement. This model may be used with otoendoscopes for anatomic and surgical training and represents an advancement in otologic surgical simulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974x211046598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T15:17:21Z","timestamp":1634829441000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of a 3\u2010Dimensional Middle Ear Model to Teach Anatomy and Endoscopic Ear Surgical Skills"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7166-2966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn M.","family":"Jenks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Otolaryngology\u2013Head &amp; Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vir","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Dunham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor M.","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia USA"},{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/002221503321192412"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1837"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2016.3002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2019.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002285"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0b013e31828f4907"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000001485"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Introduction to endoscopic ear surgery [lecture]","author":"Kutz JW","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["OTO Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2473974X211046598","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/2473974X211046598","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/2473974X211046598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:50:22Z","timestamp":1760971822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aao-hnsfjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1177\/2473974X211046598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/2473974X211046598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2473974x211046598","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-974X","2473-974X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-974X","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-974X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"article-number":"2473974X211046598"}}