{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:18:44Z","timestamp":1789517924886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["OTO Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the benefits of simulation to teach flexible bronchoscopy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective cohort study to assess the bronchoscopic skills of residents in an otolaryngology training program using a commercially available bronchoscopy simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tertiary care otolaryngology residency program.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010two otolaryngology residents and 4 expert faculty across 2 academic institutions were assessed on 3 flexible bronchoscopy tasks: diagnostic bronchoscopy, foreign body removal, and tracheal lesion biopsy. Performance was evaluated with a modified version of the validated Bronchoscopy Skills and Tasks Assessment Tool. At 1 of the 2 academic institutions, an additional tool was implemented to evaluate the simulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a correlation between postgraduate training year and time taken to complete tasks, including bronchoscopy, foreign body extraction, and passing through the glottis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 04, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 01, respectively). There was a significant difference between residents and faculty laryngologists for a range of skills and tasks, including percentage of time in middle lumen, contact with bronchial walls, inadvertent esophagus entry, and biopsy of healthy tissue (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 003, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001). Additionally, increasing postgraduate level was correlated with a higher percentage of time in the center of the lumen and reduced time to task completion (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> =. 05 and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt;. 001). Of 32 residents, 20 evaluated the simulator on its realism, with an average score of 4.1 of 5.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The commercially available flexible bronchoscopy simulator provides a valid assessment of bronchoscopic skill and is a useful tool for practicing bronchoscopy in a safe, controlled environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Level of Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individual cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2473974x211056530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T01:51:13Z","timestamp":1635558673000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Flexible Bronchoscopy Simulation as a Tool to Improve Surgical Skills in Otolaryngology Residency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chloe","family":"Santa Maria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi\u2010Kwang","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer Y.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh K.","family":"Chhetri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abie H.","family":"Mendelsohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karuna","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9374-y"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"792","article-title":"Effect of practice on standardized learning outcomesin simulation\u2010based medical 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