{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:04:25Z","timestamp":1790697865643,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dr. Richard A. Falls Virginia Lions Eye Institute Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To examine the relationship between a composite measure of socioeconomic status, the Social Deprivation Index score, and the severity and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR).\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A multicenter retrospective cohort study was performed of adults with newly diagnosed DR secondary to type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and at least 6 months of follow-up. Social Deprivation Index scores were calculated using patients\u2019 zip codes. Patient demographics, baseline ocular characteristics, interventions performed, and follow-up duration were extracted from the electronic health records and the Vestrum Health database. The main outcomes were the initial and final visual acuity (VA), presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), tractional retinal detachment (TRD), and diabetic macular edema (DME) at presentation and during follow-up, in addition to the need for procedural intervention.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study included 6781 patients. Social Deprivation Index scores corresponding to greater socioeconomic disadvantage were independently associated with an increased likelihood of the following: presenting with PDR (odds ratio [OR], 1.27, 95% CI, 1.13-1.42;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001) or TRD (OR, 1.76, 95% CI, 1.21-2.56;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .003), VA at presentation \u226420\/40 (OR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.15-1.42;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), \u226420\/70 (OR, 1.45, 95% CI, 1.27-1.65;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), and \u226420\/200 (OR, 1.33, 95% CI, 1.10-1.60;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .003), need for procedural or surgical intervention (OR, 1.20, 95% CI, 1.08-1.34;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001), and VA \u226420\/40 (OR, 1.19, 95% CI, 11.05-1.34;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .005) and \u226420\/70 at last follow-up (OR, 1.33, 95% CI, 1.14-1.55;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001).\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Residing in a lower socioeconomic area is associated with greater DR severity and poorer outcomes, underscoring the need for targeted public health policies and improved outcomes for socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264261423301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T10:26:13Z","timestamp":1774779973000},"page":"611-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of the Social Deprivation Index With the Severity and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8692-6618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9215-1628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohini","family":"Dasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6607-5660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7605-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhi Dean","family":"Barazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rice University, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian K.","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason Mingyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua D.","family":"Levinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Melamud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan K.","family":"Sobol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-026X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Basil K.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsin H.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Retina Group of Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"About Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 10 2021. Accessed March 3 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/socialdeterminants\/about.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2024.3528"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2024.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S73272"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"2022 Area Deprivation Index v4.0. University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. 2022. Accessed December 11 2024. https:\/\/www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Social Deprivation Index (SDI). Robert Graham Center - Policy Studies in Family Medicine & Primary Care. November 5 2018. Accessed December 11 2024. https:\/\/www.graham-center.org\/maps-data-tools\/social-deprivation-index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Distressed Communities Index (DCI). Economic Innovation Group. 2025. Accessed December 11 2024. https:\/\/eig.org\/distressed-communities"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-008-0926-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-067475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-1344-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20211018-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100067"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2091148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013775.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5919468"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264231221607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0376-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191496"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1508_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2024.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20220615-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264241305123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-022-00144-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/24741264261423301","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/24741264261423301","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/24741264261423301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:24:25Z","timestamp":1790695465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/24741264261423301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/24741264261423301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/24741264261423301","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-1264","2474-1272"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-1264","type":"print"},{"value":"2474-1272","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]}}}