{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:06:27Z","timestamp":1790697987501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"McNamara Retina Research Fund","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine whether large language models (LLMs) can be harnessed to improve the readability of educational material for retina patients.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Forty-one documents (fact sheets presented in portable document format), each representing a vitreoretinal condition, from the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) Retina Health Fact Sheets website, were downloaded in November of 2024. The multimodal LLM Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) was accessed through ChatGPT to generate patient education material on the same 41 vitreoretinal conditions. The model was then prompted to adjust the texts to a sixth-grade reading level. The text outputs for each of the 41 conditions were then analyzed through a readability calculator, and the Average Reading Level Consensus Calc (ARLCalc) score, a normalized average of 8 validated readability formulas that reflect a consensus readability grade level of the text, was recorded.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The ARLCalc scores for the ASRS Fact Sheet, GPT-4 Response, GPT-4 Enhanced, and ASRS Enhanced responses were 12.85 (\u00b1 0.89), 12.37 (\u00b1 0.97), 8.66 (\u00b1 0.87), and 9.37 (\u00b1 1.09), respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the 4 groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001).\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    LLMs may be used as a tool to improve the readability of patient-facing text. Patient education material created by specialty-trained authorship committees remains the gold standard for providing accurate medical information.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264261448425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T11:54:16Z","timestamp":1779278056000},"page":"751-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Readability of Retina Patient Education Materials Generated With a Large Language Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-6553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turner D.","family":"Wibbelsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Calotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randy","family":"Calotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mak","family":"Djulbegovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Bommakanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-5560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Bowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J. Taylor","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health and Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9179-2837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sidra","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6847-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Yonekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen C.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Vickie and Jack Farber Vision Research Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPHTHA.2018.02.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMAOPHTHALMOL.2018.3578"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20190301-05"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ORET.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BJOPHTHALMOL-2021-319180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.AJO.2021.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.OPHTHA.2019.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2013.825668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1525-1497.2002.10603.X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH17030880"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11606-019-05109-0\/FIGURES\/6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Retina Health Fact Sheets. 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