{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:05:36Z","timestamp":1790697936638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate retinal and choroidal changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 51 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (49.1% females; age range 39\u201367 years) and 51 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell complex thickness, and subfoveal choroidal thickness were measured using SD-OCT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the mean subfoveal choroidal thickness decreased progressively with increasing disease severity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). The thickness of the ganglion cell complex in all quadrants was significantly lower in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 3 to 4 (severe to very severe) group compared with the control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). The thickness of the ganglion cell complex was also significantly greater in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 1 to 2 (mild to moderate) group than in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 3 to 4 group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). RNFL thickness was higher in the control group than in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 3 to 4 group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). Similarly, RNFL thickness was significantly greater in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 1 to 2 group than in the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 3 to 4 group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Significant reductions in subfoveal choroidal thickness, RNFL thickness, and ganglion cell complex thickness were associated with increasing severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These OCT-derived parameters may serve as useful biomarkers of ocular involvement and visual comorbidities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264261467272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:24:22Z","timestamp":1784679862000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optical Coherence Tomography-Detected Retinal and Choroidal Changes in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4822-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastassiya","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic Wittenbergplatz, Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Private Institute of Applied Ophthalmology Berlin, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Kapanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Care, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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