{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:04:13Z","timestamp":1790697853825,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the ability of large language models to accurately and comprehensively respond to frequently asked questions and generate patient education materials related to uncommon retinal conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 50 frequently asked questions related to 10 uncommon retinal conditions were input into 3 large language models: ChatGPT-4o1, Google Gemini 2.0 Flash, and Microsoft Copilot (updated January 7, 2025). The accuracy and completeness of responses to frequently asked questions were evaluated by retina specialists using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (very inaccurate\/not at all complete) to 5 (very accurate\/completely complete), while readability was assessed using validated indices. The large language models were also instructed to generate patient education materials at specific reading levels, which were again evaluated for accuracy, completeness, and readability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Responses to patient frequently asked questions were written at mean grade levels of 15.3 \u00b1 1.4 (ChatGPT), 15.7 \u00b1 1.9 (Gemini), and 14.6 \u00b1 1.3 (Copilot), respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P =<\/jats:italic>\n                      .02). Mean accuracy scores were 4.02 \u00b1 0.7, 4.16 \u00b1 0.7, and 3.81 \u00b1 0.8. Accuracy scores for large language models-generated patient education materials were 4.70 \u00b1 0.7 (ChatGPT), 4.85 \u00b1 0.4 (Gemini), and 4.30 \u00b1 0.8 (Copilot). When instructed to revise educational materials to improve understandability, all large language models significantly reduced reading levels by 4.8 (ChatGPT), 6.9 (Gemini), and 3.8 (Copilot) grade levels (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) without compromising accuracy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large language models can accurately respond to patients\u2019 frequently asked questions related to uncommon retinal conditions. Furthermore, large language models can effectively improve the readability of existing education materials for patients with varying levels of health literacy. A deeper understanding of large language model applications may facilitate their integration into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/24741264261469005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:53:23Z","timestamp":1787039603000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ability of Large Language Models to Answer Patients\u2019 Questions and Generate Educational Materials for Uncommon Retinal Conditions"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8816-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant D.","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro I.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep S.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Sylmar, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayanth","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles, Sylmar, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/55138"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Elon University. 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