{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:36:51Z","timestamp":1777498611690,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thimerosal (TML) is an organomercury antimicrobial. Low doses (1\/250\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      of the amount in a typical vaccine dose) may promote an antiviral immune response. Low-dose TML (BTL-TML) was evaluated for safety and efficacy against herpes labialis in two FDA-approved, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BTL-TML was evaluated in a Phase IIa trial for its ability to block progression to lesion in subjects with recurrent oral herpes caused by dental trauma. Subjects were administered BTL-TML or a saline control over a 7-day period. In a Phase IIb trial, BTL-TML was evaluated for its ability to block progression to lesion over a 7-day period in subjects with herpes lip infections induced by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Progression to lesion post-dental procedure was prevented in 54.5% (12\/22) TML subjects versus 22.2% (2\/9) control subjects (p\u2009=\u20090.106). Progression to lesion post-UV irradiation was blocked in 47.8% (11\/23) BTL-TML treatment subjects and 42.8% (6\/14) control subjects. A post-hoc analysis yielded 52.2% (12\/23) BTL-TML subjects with no progression to lesion versus 28.6% (6\/21) control subjects with no progression (p\u2009=\u20090.099). There were no significant differences in adverse effects between treatment and control groups in either trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neither clinical trial showed a statistically significant effect of BTL-TML on progression to lesion. However, the post-hoc analysis suggested there is a 48-hour period following UV radiation exposure during which the anti-herpes activity of antivirals such as BTL-TML is reduced. Accordingly, BTL-TML may have promise in subsequent, properly designed and powered clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/2515690x221078004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T10:45:43Z","timestamp":1644489943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-dose Oral Thimerosal for the Treatment of Oral Herpes: Clinical Trial Results and Improved Outcome After Post-hoc Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4003-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen W.","family":"Mamber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Therapeutic Discovery, Delanson, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beech Tree Labs, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky, Center for Oral health, Lexington, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John V.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hill Top Research, St. Petersburg, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Strout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coastal Carolina Research Center, Mt. Pleasant, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute for Therapeutic Discovery, Delanson, NY, USA"},{"name":"Beech Tree Labs, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"bibr1-2515690X221078004","first-page":"200","volume":"11","author":"Spruance SL","journal-title":"Semin Dermatol"},{"key":"bibr2-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2007.02473.x"},{"key":"bibr3-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000280199.58260.62"},{"key":"bibr4-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13234"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-2515690X221078004","first-page":"13A","volume":"14","author":"Gilbert S","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"key":"bibr6-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2007.05.029"},{"key":"bibr7-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(95)00038-N"},{"key":"bibr8-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02150-13"},{"key":"bibr9-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.08.003"},{"key":"bibr10-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237149"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr11-2515690X221078004","first-page":"498","volume":"69","author":"Raborn GW","journal-title":"J Can Dent Assoc"},{"key":"bibr12-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0806"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-2515690X221078004","first-page":"64","volume":"9","author":"Spruance SL","journal-title":"Herpes"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr14-2515690X221078004","first-page":"1075","volume":"82","author":"Usatine RP","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr15-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1872213X11666171003151717"},{"key":"bibr16-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.116215"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr17-2515690X221078004","first-page":"1683","volume":"54","author":"Opstelten W","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr18-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.106797"},{"key":"bibr19-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.5.1147"},{"key":"bibr20-2515690X221078004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s111"},{"key":"bibr21-2515690X221078004","unstructured":"FDA Thimerosal in vaccines. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines-blood-biologics\/safety-availability-biologics\/thimerosal-and-vaccines."},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr22-2515690X221078004","first-page":"295","volume":"42","author":"Miller JB","journal-title":"Ann Allergy"},{"key":"bibr23-2515690X221078004","unstructured":"McMichael J. 2001, Jan 16. 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