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These complex visual hallucinations may be caused by increased excitability in the visual cortex that are present in some people with vision loss but not others.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to evaluate the association between \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the visual cortex and CBS. We also tested the relationship among visually evoked responses, functional connectivity, and CBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a prospective, case-controlled, cross-sectional observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied 3-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as task-based and resting state (RS) connectivity functional magnetic resonance imaging in six participants with CBS and six controls without CBS. GABA+ was measured in the early visual cortex (EVC) and in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC). Participants also completed visual acuity and cognitive tests, and the North-East Visual Hallucinations Interview.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The two groups were well-matched for age, gender, visual acuity and cognitive scores. There was no difference in GABA+ levels between groups in the visual cortex. Most participants showed the expected blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activation to images of objects and the phase-scrambled control. Using a fixed effects analysis, we found that BOLD activation was greater in participants with CBS compared to controls. Analysis of RS connectivity with LOC and EVC showed little difference between groups. A fixed effects analysis showed a correlation between the extent of functional connectivity with LOC and hallucination strength.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, our results provide no strong evidence for an association between GABAergic inhibition in the visual cortex and CBS. We only found subtle differences in visual function and connectivity between groups. These findings suggest that the neurochemistry and visual connectivity for people with Charles Bonnet hallucinations are comparable to a sight loss population. Differences between groups may emerge when investigating subtle and transient changes that occur at the time of visual hallucinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414241280201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T12:47:01Z","timestamp":1729082821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neurochemistry and functional connectivity in the brain of people with Charles Bonnet syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-6198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly","family":"Bridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7886-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail","family":"Wyllie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Kay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bailey","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Starling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3554-4273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca S.","family":"Millington-Truby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7159-7025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William T.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-4621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasleen K.","family":"Jolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3544-0711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I. 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