{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T07:56:11Z","timestamp":1777881371418,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Eye Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Extraocular disorders and their surgical management can significantly influence corneal astigmatism and higher-order aberrations (HOAs). This review aimed to evaluate the relationship between extraocular conditions, their surgical correction, and subsequent changes in corneal astigmatism and HOAs. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, including studies published between 1992 and 2024. Search terms included astigmatism, eyelid surgery, thyroid eye disease (TED), orbital decompression, blepharoplasty, chalazion, dermatochalasis, ptosis, pterygium, scleral buckle, and HOAs. The reviewed literature demonstrates that a wide spectrum of extraocular disorders (such as ptosis, dermatochalasis, TED, chalazion, and pterygium) are associated with clinically significant changes in corneal astigmatism and HOAs. These alterations are affected by factors including lesion size, anatomical location, and the type of surgical intervention. For instance, ptosis surgery may either reduce or induce astigmatism depending on patient age and surgical technique, while chalazion excision and pterygium removal frequently lead to meaningful reductions in astigmatism and HOAs, particularly in cases involving larger lesions. The timing of postoperative evaluation and surgical approach plays a critical role in the magnitude and persistence of these optical changes. Awareness of the impact of extraocular diseases and their surgical treatment on corneal astigmatism and HOAs is essential for accurate interpretation of refractive changes, postoperative follow-up, and optimal patient management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414261432431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:30:24Z","timestamp":1774261824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the impact of extraocular disorders and their surgical correction on corneal astigmatism and higher-order aberrations: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Seyed Mohsen","family":"Rafizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0744-8337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Asadigandomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Nusair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samin","family":"Khannejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimia","family":"Vakili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Nassaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Mohammadpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6546-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Soleimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2007.00112.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12128"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258688"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","article-title":"Ocular comorbidities and the relationship between eye diseases and systemic disorders","volume":"2016","author":"Pinazo-Dur\u00e1n MD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pinazo-Dur\u00e1n MD, Ar\u00e9valo JF, Garc\u00eda-Medina JJ, et al. Ocular comorbidities and the relationship between eye diseases and systemic disorders. Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016: 9519350.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2650_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","article-title":"Wavefront aberrometry in pseudophakic patients before and after vitrectomy for bothersome floaters","volume":"2025","author":"Adelberg DA","unstructured":"Adelberg DA, Parsons MT. Wavefront aberrometry in pseudophakic patients before and after vitrectomy for bothersome floaters. J Vitreoretin Dis 2025: 24741264251333200.","journal-title":"J Vitreoretin Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20000301-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2010.496695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200603000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-023-03697-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-023-06126-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04115-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092334"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-021-01652-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1999.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"86","article-title":"Effect of unilateral congenital ptosis on ocular higher order aberrations in children","volume":"2","author":"Ashok Kumar D","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ashok Kumar D, Agarwal Ms A, Prakash G, et al. Effect of unilateral congenital ptosis on ocular higher order aberrations in children. Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol 2013; 2: 86\u201391.","journal-title":"Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.04.08"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000729"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002429"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"236","article-title":"Corneal topographic changes after eyelid ptosis surgery","volume":"1","author":"Abo-eleinin MA-e","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abo-eleinin MA-e, Salama OH. Corneal topographic changes after eyelid ptosis surgery. Al-Azhar Int Med J 2020; 1: 236\u2013241.","journal-title":"Al-Azhar Int Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S264732"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Astigmatic changes following ptosis correction surgery in 30 consecutive children seen in a regional institute of ophthalmology","volume":"8","author":"Agrawal G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal G, Ravani S. Astigmatic changes following ptosis correction surgery in 30 consecutive children seen in a regional institute of ophthalmology. Int J Curr Res Rev 2016; 8: 1.","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19920301-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199805000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31821637b3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-016-0351-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03010-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002341-199911000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Influence of upper blepharoplasty on intraocular lens calculation","volume":"84","author":"Vola ME","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vola ME, Lisboa R, Diniz ER, et al. Influence of upper blepharoplasty on intraocular lens calculation. Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2021; 84: 11\u201316.","journal-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.839803"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2015.1057292"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119857501"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.12.1610"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_907_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002435"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","article-title":"Effects of upper lid blepharoplasty on visual quality in patients with lash ptosis and dermatochalasis","volume":"9","author":"An SH","year":"2016","unstructured":"An SH, Jin SW, Kwon YH, et al. Effects of upper lid blepharoplasty on visual quality in patients with lash ptosis and dermatochalasis. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9: 1320.","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-02006-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2022.63.10.814"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000529"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2023.101843"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140120-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20210105-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200226-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701898"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ICL.0000152486.36121.DB"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","article-title":"Effect of orbital decompression on corneal topography in patients with thyroid ophthalmopathy","volume":"10","author":"Kim SA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim SA, Jung SK, Paik JS, et al. Effect of orbital decompression on corneal topography in patients with thyroid ophthalmopathy. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0133612.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0426-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clae.2014.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210901900401"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","first-page":"191","article-title":"The effect of chalazion excision on corneal aberrometric and densitometric values","volume":"6","author":"Oncul H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oncul H, Yildirim Y, Caglayan M, et al. The effect of chalazion excision on corneal aberrometric and densitometric values. Beyoglu Eye J 2021; 6: 191.","journal-title":"Beyoglu Eye J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318268d6b3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31824c86e7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3181451212"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ico.0000151563.24989.f6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-018-0987-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2010.24.6.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2001.15.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.33829"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1921_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","article-title":"A comparative study of higher order aberrations between pterygium and non-pterygium eyes","volume":"99","author":"Kampitak K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kampitak K, Leelawongtawun W, Leeamornsiri S, et al. A comparative study of higher order aberrations between pterygium and non-pterygium eyes. J Med Assoc Thai 2016; 99(Suppl. 4): S178\u2013S181.","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","article-title":"Morphometric evaluation and measurements of primary pterygium by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and its relation with astigmatism","volume":"13","author":"Raj A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Raj A, Dhasmana R, Bahadur H. Morphometric evaluation and measurements of primary pterygium by anterior segment optical coherence tomography and its relation with astigmatism. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13: 25158414211020145.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000728"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2025.04.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Pterygium-induced corneal astigmatism","volume":"2","author":"Avisar R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Avisar R, Loya N, Yassur Y, et al. Pterygium-induced corneal astigmatism. Isr Med Assoc J 2000; 2: 14-15.","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2001.tb05026.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb05706.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2012.760617"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.109379"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000143"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800203"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v12i2.28287"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200403000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S303936"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e3182431465"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000115"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16694"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313958"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000091761"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-4-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200211000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/1081-597X-20060501-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_2","article-title":"Higher order aberrations following scleral buckling surgery in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment","volume":"9","author":"Lee CY","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee CY, Wu WC, Yeung L, et al. Higher order aberrations following scleral buckling surgery in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9: 20211127.","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_2","first-page":"734","article-title":"[Anterior corneal topographic changes after scleral buckling surgery]","volume":"27","author":"Li YM","year":"2005","unstructured":"Li YM, Xu YS, Shen LP, et al. [Anterior corneal topographic changes after scleral buckling surgery]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2005; 27: 734\u2013738.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_7_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3228_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_97_2","article-title":"Analysis of astigmatism outcomes after horizontal rectus muscle surgery in patients with intermittent exotropia","volume":"15","author":"Lee DC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee DC, Lee SY. Analysis of astigmatism outcomes after horizontal rectus muscle surgery in patients with intermittent exotropia. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0240026.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_98_2","article-title":"Alterations of lower- and higher-order aberrations after unilateral horizontal rectus muscle surgery in children with intermittent exotropia: a retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Lee DC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee DC, Lee SY, Jun JH. Alterations of lower- and higher-order aberrations after unilateral horizontal rectus muscle surgery in children with intermittent exotropia: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17: e0264037.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2018.08.010"}],"container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25158414261432431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/25158414261432431","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25158414261432431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:41:03Z","timestamp":1777596063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/25158414261432431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/25158414261432431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25158414261432431","relation":{},"ISSN":["2515-8414","2515-8414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2515-8414","type":"print"},{"value":"2515-8414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"article-number":"25158414261432431"}}