{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:51:05Z","timestamp":1790398265490,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Eye Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) is a vision-threatening retinal infection that primarily affects severely immunocompromised individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare the clinical presentations, long-term visual outcomes, and predictors of visual prognosis in CMVR patients across different immunodeficiency subtypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study analyzed 117 eyes from 91 patients with CMVR who were treated at a tertiary eye center between 2009 and 2024. Eyes were stratified by the underlying cause of immunosuppression into a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive group (71 eyes of 58 patients) and an HIV-negative group (46 eyes of 33 patients). The HIV-negative group included patients with hematologic malignancies, drug-induced immunosuppression (e.g., posttransplant or autoimmune therapy), solid organ transplantation, autoimmune disease, congenital immunodeficiency, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). Patient demographics and comprehensive ophthalmologic examination findings were recorded and compared across these subgroups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 91 patients (117 eyes) with a mean age of 40.1\u2009\u00b1\u200914.7\u2009years; 62.6% were male. Of these, 58 patients (71 eyes) were HIV-positive (mean age 39.7\u2009\u00b1\u200910.9\u2009years; 65.5% male) and 33 patients (46 eyes) were HIV-negative. Among HIV-negative patients, 19 eyes were in patients with hematologic malignancies (mean age 35.3\u2009\u00b1\u200921.1\u2009years; 75% male), 20 eyes were in patients with drug-induced immunosuppression (mean age 38.6\u2009\u00b1\u200917.9\u2009years; 40% male), and the remainder eyes were associated with solid organ transplant, autoimmune disease, congenital immunodeficiency, or poorly controlled DM (7 eyes). Eyes in HIV-negative patients exhibited more severe vitritis than those in HIV-positive patients (34.8% vs 19.7% with vitritis grade +2;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). Conversely, HIV-positive patients presented with worse baseline visual acuity (mean 1.85\u2009\u00b1\u20091.14 logMAR vs 1.31\u2009\u00b1\u20091.17 logMAR;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.045). Comparing the two main HIV-negative subgroups, the drug-induced immunosuppression group showed a significantly higher incidence of retinal vascular sheathing (30% vs 0% of eyes;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009), whereas the hematologic malignancy group demonstrated more cotton-wool spots (21.1% vs 0% of eyes;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.030). Despite these phenotypic differences, long-term visual outcomes were similar across all groups. On multivariable regression, baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.527,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and retinal detachment (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.254,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.017) were independent predictors of poorer final visual acuity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CMV retinitis demonstrates distinct clinical phenotypes in different immunosuppressed populations. HIV-negative patients tend to show more pronounced vitritis and vasculopathic retinal features, whereas HIV-positive patients have worse baseline visual acuity. However, the long-term visual prognosis was not significantly influenced by the underlying cause of immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25158414261440308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T10:41:22Z","timestamp":1775644882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cytomegalovirus retinitis in diverse immunocompromised populations: clinical presentation, treatment outcomes, and prognostic factors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Seyed Ali","family":"Tabatabaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimia","family":"Daneshvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazal","family":"Ghochani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nader","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza Mehrabi","family":"Bahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-202X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Mahdizad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosar","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Aminizade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3158-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedram","family":"Afshar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Valizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosar","family":"Namakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Sanei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4143-9732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareena","family":"Chawla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. 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