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Inflammation in both the brain and peripheral circulation is recognized as a critical factor in the development and progression of cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective case-control study investigated the association between cognitive impairment and presence of serum antibodies to seven pathogens in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred sixty-five participants aged\u2009\u2265\u200965 years from the Panama Aging Research Initiative Health Disparities (PARI-HD) study were evaluated. Presence of IgG antibodies against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV),\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was measured. Participant demographics, inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive-functional factors were analyzed for associations with single\/multiple pathogen-specific antibodies reactivity using multivariable regression models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Only\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity was significantly different between cognitively unimpaired and impaired groups (p\u2009=\u20090.02) and increasing TNF-\u03b1 levels were directly associated with C.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      seropositivity (OR\u2009=\u20092.08, CI\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      1.0\u20134.1, p\u2009=\u20090.04). Additionally, cumulative exposure to infectious agents increased the likelihood of cognitive impairment (OR\u2009=\u20091.51, CI\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      1.01\u20132.26, p\u2009=\u20090.04) and was associated with slower processing speed as measured by TMT A test (OR\u2009=\u200917.43, CI\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      2.32\u201332.53, p\u2009=\u20090.02). Notably, the presence of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      in multiple pathogen interactions further raised the likelihood of cognitive impairment (OR\u2009=\u20094.07, CI\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      1.24\u201313.36, p\u2009=\u20090.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results enhance our understanding of cognitive impairment in a Hispanic population and underscore the need for further studies on the role of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      and multi-pathogen infection in Alzheimer's disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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