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However, inconsistencies in diagnostic and inclusion criteria challenge the design and comparability of AD clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review recent AD clinical trials, focusing on diagnostic methods and inclusion criteria, and identify trends and gaps to inform future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar for AD clinical trials, extracting data on diagnostic criteria, disease stage, cognitive assessments, biomarker use, and participant age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 27,471 articles screened, 71 studies were included in the final review. Most were conducted in North America (52%) and Europe (34%). NINCDS\u2013ADRDA (56%) and NIA\u2013AA 2011 (30%) were the most used diagnostic criterion, with the latter increasingly adopted in recent years. Over half focused on mild-to-moderate AD (56%), 16% on mild AD, and 13% included mild cognitive impairment\/mild AD populations, with growing interest in early-stage interventions. However, only a minority reported notable cognitive improvements. The Mini-Mental State Examination was the most frequently used assessment tool (86%), though 36 different cutoff schemes were identified. Biomarkers were used in 38% of studies, mainly in the past three years, while others relied on symptom-based or imaging approaches. Participants ranged from 45 to 95 years old, with 50 as the most common lower age limit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Symptom-based criteria still dominate AD trials. Given the limited efficacy of single interventions, future studies should consider multimodal, non-invasive approaches and prioritize objective biomarkers to enhance consistency and diagnostic precision.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823251362444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T08:30:07Z","timestamp":1753864207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnostic and inclusion criteria in Alzheimer's disease clinical trials: A systematic review of the past decade"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4827-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yumei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen People's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3289-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5530-6539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zian","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7174-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuhan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen People's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2614-6118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory"},{"name":"Shenzhen People's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.340409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212948"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.13239"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"19","author":"Alzheimer's Association","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alzheimer's Association. 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