{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:03:43Z","timestamp":1785168223566,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, and Future Planning, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2014M3C7A1046042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2014M3C7A1046042"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, and Future Planning, Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2020R1G1A1099652 & RS-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1G1A1099652 & RS-20"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging, United States of America","award":["U01AG072177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG072177"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI18C0630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI18C0630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI19C0149 & HU23C0140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI19C0149 & HU23C0140"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"New Faculty Startup Fund from Seoul National University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Coding (CD) subtest is widely recognized as a sensitive and reliable measure of age-related cognitive decline, particularly in processing speed, which is known to be vulnerable in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. However, normative data for middle-aged and older Korean adults, who exhibit wide variability in educational backgrounds, remain limited. Establishing norms that reflect this demographic diversity is essential for accurate cognitive assessment and interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to examine the effects of age, education, and gender on CD performance in cognitively unimpaired Korean adults aged 50 years and older, and to establish normative data for the Korean aging population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 534 cognitively unimpaired adults aged 50 to 92 years participated. The CD subtest was administered following standardized procedures. Analysis of variance and hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the demographic effects on CD performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Younger age and higher education were associated with better CD performance, with a significant age-by-education interaction, while gender did not show a significant effect. Accordingly, normative data were established for three age groups (50\u201359, 60\u201374, and \u226575 years) and three education levels (0\u20138, 9\u201312, and \u226513 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The normative data presented in this study provide a valuable reference for clinicians and researchers to more accurately evaluate processing speed abilities in middle-aged and older Korean adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823261470043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:56:14Z","timestamp":1785167774000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normative data of the coding test in Korean middle-aged and elderly population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0101-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yura","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6613-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyejin","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University College of Humanities"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7792-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Jin","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9137-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seunghyuk","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6697-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoon Seok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5952-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gijung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-4510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Soo","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"},{"name":"Seoul National University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0860-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dahyun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8976-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul National University Hospital"},{"name":"Seoul National University College of Humanities"},{"name":"Seoul National University"},{"name":"Seoul National University College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition: WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale, third edition: technical manual","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1997","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, third edition: WMS-III, Wechsler Memory Scale, third edition: technical manual. Psychological Corporation, 1997."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375035-8.10006-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","volume-title":"Neuropsychological assessment","author":"Lezak MD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, et al. Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: WAIS-IV; technical and interpretive manual","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: WAIS-IV; technical and interpretive manual. Pearson Assessment, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"WAIS manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1955","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WAIS manual: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Psychological Corporation, 1955."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Psychological Corporation, 1981."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207457709147202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1950.9916049"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"WAIS-NI: manual: WAIS-R as a neuropsychological instrument","author":"Kaplan E","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kaplan E. WAIS-NI: manual: WAIS-R as a neuropsychological instrument. Psychological Corp.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2023.2179977"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afw116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1723707"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200194"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000464405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203837665"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-375035-8.10008-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2003.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acy074"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1627357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1709661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acv052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561772400050X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617700677044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","volume-title":"Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test","author":"Hwang S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hwang S, Kim J, Park K, et al. Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test. 4th ed. Korean Psychology, 2011.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp038"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108974325.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2017.14.6.851"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.1.P47"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV; includes ICD-9-CM codes effective 1. Oct. 96","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1998","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV; includes ICD-9-CM codes effective 1. Oct. 96. 4th ed., 7. print. American Psychiatric Association, 1998.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282915619091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00050067.2023.2179387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15842\/kjcp.2010.29.2.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282908323628"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25424823261470043","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/25424823261470043","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/25424823261470043","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:56:16Z","timestamp":1785167776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/25424823261470043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/25424823261470043"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/25424823261470043","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"article-number":"25424823261470043"}}