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Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) may increase AD risk, but longitudinal changes in olfaction related to HSV1 carriage and apolipoprotein \u03b54 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54) status remain unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To investigate if OD is associated with carriage of HSV1, and whether\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 status modulates this possible association.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a large population-based cohort study in northern Sweden (Betula study), 1288 individuals with a baseline odor identification assessment were included, with follow-up assessment (n\u2009=\u2009950) after five or ten years. Odor sensitivity (odor threshold test) was tested at a single time point for 651 individuals. HSV1 carriership and apolipoprotein E genotype were established for all participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Weighted linear mixed-model analyses showed that carriage of HSV1, regardless of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u03b54 status, was not associated with decline in odor identification. At baseline, male gender and higher age were associated with impaired odor identification, while better semantic memory was associated with better odor identification ability. Higher age, low education level and better semantic memory were associated with poorer odor identification performance over time. Furthermore, multiple linear regression showed that male gender, higher age and low education level were significantly associated with impaired odor sensitivity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HSV1 did not associate with OD in this population-based cohort study with 5\u201310 years of follow-up, where olfaction was measured and analyzed using two different objective measurements. The association between OD and neurodegenerative diseases needs further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823261470737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:56:31Z","timestamp":1785167791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Herpes simplex virus,\n                    <i>APOE<\/i>\n                    \u03b54, and olfactory function in older adults: A cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0652-588X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva-Stina","family":"Hemmingsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Josefsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"},{"name":"Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research, Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Ume\u00e5 Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Ume\u00e5 University, Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Elgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockholm University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bodil","family":"Weidung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"L\u00f6vheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ume\u00e5 University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.1.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-020004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S104886"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001132"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.2952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01705-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.092262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701415892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30123-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glaa221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.04.522"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003637"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.07.157"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","article-title":"Association between herpes simplex virus type 1 and the risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a retrospective case-control study","volume":"15","author":"Liu Y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Liu Y, Johnston C, Jarousse N, et al. 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