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Exclusion criteria included other disorders known to affect cognition, previous major psychiatric disorder and a neuropathological diagnosis of a non-AD dementia. Depression was defined as a clinical depression diagnosis or Geriatric Depression Scale\/Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale &gt;7. PRS-D was calculated using LDpred2. In the AD\u2009+\u2009depression group, only the top (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200929) and bottom tertile (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930) of PRS-D were analyzed by microarray. Tissue from superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and anterior insula (AIns) was sorted into neuronal and microglial fractions, and gene expression measured using a ClariomS Pico microarray.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After quality control, microarray data were available for AIns microglia (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200951), AIns neurons (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200959), SFG microglia (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200960) and SFG neurons (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200963). No individual genes had a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05, adjusted for false discovery rate. Gene set enrichment analysis identified significantly upregulated and downregulated pathways in both brain regions and cell types. More pathways were differentially expressed in microglia than in neurons. Many of these pathways related to infection or inflammation but also included olfactory transduction and Parkinson's disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion we have identified pathways that may contribute to the development of depression in AD. A majority were identified predominantly in microglia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/25424823261472076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T12:08:10Z","timestamp":1785586090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does depression in Alzheimer's disease show evidence of differential gene expression in neurons or microglia compared to Alzheimer's disease without depression?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4776-4118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey I","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, College Keep, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Morisaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"},{"name":"University of Cardiff"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4905-482X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter P","family":"Henley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L","family":"Dempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, University of Exeter Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive G","family":"Ballard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, University of Exeter Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan T","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"MacLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610217001879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17r11772"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60830-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Antidepressants for treating depression in dementia","volume":"8","author":"Dudas R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dudas R, Malouf R, McCleery J, et al. 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